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Questions and Answers
Which method uses high pressure and temperature to achieve sterilization?
Which method uses high pressure and temperature to achieve sterilization?
What is the primary function of proteins in the biological system?
What is the primary function of proteins in the biological system?
Which of the following is an example of a qualitative test for urine analysis?
Which of the following is an example of a qualitative test for urine analysis?
Which acid-base disturbance results in decreased bicarbonate levels?
Which acid-base disturbance results in decreased bicarbonate levels?
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What is the effect of noise pollution on human health?
What is the effect of noise pollution on human health?
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Which component is NOT typically tested in a qualitative urine examination?
Which component is NOT typically tested in a qualitative urine examination?
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What are nucleotides primarily involved in?
What are nucleotides primarily involved in?
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Which of the following is a common method to prevent water pollution?
Which of the following is a common method to prevent water pollution?
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What is the primary function of anticoagulants in blood processing?
What is the primary function of anticoagulants in blood processing?
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Which blood component is primarily responsible for the transport of oxygen?
Which blood component is primarily responsible for the transport of oxygen?
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What is a common method to estimate hematocrit values?
What is a common method to estimate hematocrit values?
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Which staining technique is often used to prepare blood smears?
Which staining technique is often used to prepare blood smears?
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What is one potential error during haemo-cytometry?
What is one potential error during haemo-cytometry?
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Which mechanism is part of innate immunity?
Which mechanism is part of innate immunity?
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What is the main role of colorimetry in clinical biochemistry?
What is the main role of colorimetry in clinical biochemistry?
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Which of the following is a potential hazard in a clinical biochemistry laboratory?
Which of the following is a potential hazard in a clinical biochemistry laboratory?
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What is the primary purpose of the Gram stain in microbiology?
What is the primary purpose of the Gram stain in microbiology?
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Which instrument is primarily used for sterilization in microbiological procedures?
Which instrument is primarily used for sterilization in microbiological procedures?
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What is measured using a pH meter in microbiology?
What is measured using a pH meter in microbiology?
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Which of the following is true regarding the care of experimental animals in microbiology?
Which of the following is true regarding the care of experimental animals in microbiology?
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What does dark ground illumination enhance in microscopy?
What does dark ground illumination enhance in microscopy?
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Which of the following is a common method for observing live cells in microbiology?
Which of the following is a common method for observing live cells in microbiology?
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What do chemotherapeutic agents target in microorganisms?
What do chemotherapeutic agents target in microorganisms?
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Which of the following instruments is used for monitoring enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA)?
Which of the following instruments is used for monitoring enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA)?
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Which type of tissue is NOT typically examined in histopathology?
Which type of tissue is NOT typically examined in histopathology?
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Which method is primarily used for the demonstration of microorganisms in tissue?
Which method is primarily used for the demonstration of microorganisms in tissue?
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What is the primary purpose of enzyme histochemistry in pathology?
What is the primary purpose of enzyme histochemistry in pathology?
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Which of the following is a technique used in cervical cytology?
Which of the following is a technique used in cervical cytology?
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What is the main focus of aspiration cytology?
What is the main focus of aspiration cytology?
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Which enzyme is primarily associated with liver function assessment and is commonly measured in serum tests?
Which enzyme is primarily associated with liver function assessment and is commonly measured in serum tests?
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What is the primary purpose of the fructosamine test in semen analysis?
What is the primary purpose of the fructosamine test in semen analysis?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of paramyxoviruses?
Which of the following is a characteristic of paramyxoviruses?
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Which factor does NOT typically affect enzyme activity?
Which factor does NOT typically affect enzyme activity?
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Which isoenzyme is primarily utilized to assess myocardial infarction?
Which isoenzyme is primarily utilized to assess myocardial infarction?
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What type of test would predominantly measure free and total acidity in gastric analysis?
What type of test would predominantly measure free and total acidity in gastric analysis?
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Which viruses are classified under slow and oncogenic viruses?
Which viruses are classified under slow and oncogenic viruses?
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Which parameter is commonly included in an infertility profile?
Which parameter is commonly included in an infertility profile?
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Study Notes
Laboratory Organization & Safety
- Importance of organization and safety in clinical biochemistry
- Responsibility of medical lab technologists
- Safety measures and hazards in the laboratory
- First aid for laboratory accidents
- Understanding laboratory equipment
- Calibration of volumetric apparatus
- Principles and applications of colorimetry, spectrophotometry, flame photometry, analytical balance
- Preparation and storage of reagents
- Standard solutions, buffer solutions, and pH determination
- Biophysical techniques: osmosis, dialysis, surface tension, sedimentation, viscosity
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Sterilization and disinfection:
- Methods of sterilization: dry and moist heat radiation, filtration, autoclaving
- Chemical disinfection
- Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and its clinical applications
- Acid-base disturbances and their clinical significance
- Collection of blood specimens avoiding hemolysis, deproteinization, and separation of serum/plasma
Blood Formation, Composition, and Functions
- Formation and composition of blood
- Functions of blood
- Anticoagulants: mode of action, merits and demerits
Hematology
- Collection, preservation, transport, handling, and disposal of blood samples
- Basic hematology and estimation of hematocrit values
- Physiological variations, normal and absolute values
- Quality assurance in hematology
Blood Smear Staining
- Romanowsky dyes, preparation, and staining procedures of blood smears
- Morphology of blood cells and their identification
Hemoglobinometry
- Methods of hemoglobin measurement
- Errors involved in hemoglobinometry
- Standardization of instruments
Hemocytometry
- Procedure of cell count (visual and electronic): red cell, leukocyte, and platelet count
- Errors involved in hemocytometry
- Methods to minimize errors in hemocytometry
Innate Immunity
- Mechanisms of innate immunity
- Phagocytosis
- The complement system
Adaptive Immunity
- Gross structure and development of cells concerned with antibody production
- Cellular processes involved in antibody formation
Urine Analysis
- Physical and biochemical examination of urine samples
- Qualitative tests of inorganic urinary ingredients: chlorides, phosphate, sulfur compounds, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and their clinical significance
- Qualitative tests for glycosuria, pentosuria, galactosuria, proteinuria, microalbuminuria, Bence Jones proteinuria, and their clinical significance
- Qualitative tests of urine for uric acid, urea, and creatinine
- Quantitative estimation of 2-hour urine for albumin and 17-ketosteroids and their clinical significance
- Physiological variation of bio-metabolites in various body fluids and their clinical significance
- Pathological changes in the composition of body fluids and their clinical correlation
- Qualitative tests of urine for ketone bodies, bile pigments, and urobilinogen and their clinical significance
Biochemistry
- Carbohydrates: structure, classification, and their function in biological systems
- Lipids: General structure of fatty acids, classification of lipids
- Proteins: Classification, structural organization, and function of proteins
- Enzymes: Definition, classification of enzymes, concept of active sites, and general mode of action of enzymes
- Nucleic acids: Structure, function, and types of DNA and RNA
Environmental Health
- Water, air, and noise pollution
- Removal of water hardness, purification of water, and standards of water quality
- Air and noise pollution and their prevention
- Housing and air conditioning
Hygiene and Sanitation
- Sanitation barriers, excreta disposal, and disposal of hospital waste
- Incineration and disinfection
Microbiology
- Introduction to virology, mycology, and parasitology: characteristics, morphology, classification, nomenclature, pathogenesis
- Antimicrobial agents and antibiotics: disinfectants, antiseptics, chemotherapeutic agents, chemotherapeutic index, development of chemotherapy
Microscopy
- Study of compound microscope: magnification, numerical aperture, resolution, components of the microscope, dark-ground illumination
- Care of the microscope and common difficulties
- Micrometry
- Study of phase contrast, interference, fluorescent, and electron microscopes
- Preparation of smears for electron microscopy
- Study of pH in microbiology: Methods for measurements, pH meter
- Preparation, dilution, and chemistry of suspension fluids
- Oxidation-reduction (redox) potential
- Preparation of stains: Making films, staining methods, mounting media
- Gram's stain: Preparation of stain and staining methods
- Special stains for AFB, diphtheria, spores, capsule, intracytoplasmic lipids, polysaccharides, nuclear material, Field's stain, stain for amoebae, fungi, and rickettsiae
Instruments in Medical Microbiology
- General Instruments: distillation plant, centrifuge machine, analytical balance, hotplate, magnetic stirrer, water bath, automatic dispensers and diluters, de-ionizer etc.
- Microbiological instruments: autoclave, incubator, hot air oven, laminar air flow, colony counter, muffle furnace, refrigerator, inoculator, Mac-Intos field-jar etc.
- Instruments used in immunology: electrophoresis, immunodiffusion. Starplate, chromatography, ELISA reader, automatic washer, and RIA equipments etc.
Immunology
- Principles of enzyme activity determination
- Units for expressing enzyme activity
- Factors affecting enzyme activity
- Mechanisms responsible for abnormal enzyme levels
- Isoenzymes: Serum CPK, CK-MB, LDH, SGOT (AST), SGPT (ALT), Cholinesterase, HBDH, amylase, alpha amylase, lipase, aldolase, and myoglobin
- Serum leucine aminopeptidase, alkaline and acid phosphatases
- Fructosamine test in semen
- Analysis of renal, biliary, and prostatic stones
- Tests for fetal well-being by amniotic fluid analysis
- Analysis for alpha-fetoprotein and their clinical significance
Gastric Analysis
- Gastric analysis: free and total acidity, pentagastrin test, histamine, and caffeine stimulation tests
Thyroid Function Tests
- Thyroid function test (TFT): T3, T4, TSH, Free T3, Free T4, protein-bound iodine (PBI), thyroglobulin, and LATEs
Infertility Profile
- Infertility profile: TSH, FSH, LH, Testosterone, Estrogen, Prolactin, and DHEA sulphate
Histopathology and Cytology
- Types of tissues seen in Histopathology: Connective tissue, Epithelial tissue, Glandular, Benign and Malignant tumor tissue, Bone tissues, etc.
- Handling of fresh histological specimens (tissues): Cryo/frozen sections of fresh and fixed tissues, Freeze drying
- Lipids identifications and demonstration
- Microorganisms in tissue – various staining techniques for their demonstration and identification
- Nucleic acids, DNA, and RNA special stains and procedures
- Cytoplasmic constituents and their demonstration
- Tissues requiring special treatment: Eye, bone marrow biopsy, undercalcified bones
- Neuropathological techniques
- Enzyme histochemistry: Demonstration of phosphatases, dehydrogenases, oxidase, and peroxidases, etc.
- Electron Microscope: Working principles, components and allied techniques for electron microscopy, ultra-microtomy
- Immunohistochemistry
- Cervical cytology – basis of detection of malignant and pre-malignant lesions
- Hormonal assessment of sex chromatin
- Demonstration of sex chromatin
- Aspiration cytology: Principles, indications, and utility of the techniques with a special emphasis on the role of the cytotechnologist in FNAC clinics
Miscellaneous Microbes and Pathogenic Viruses
- Actinomyces, Nocardia, Donovania, Treponema, Chlamydia, Rickettsiae, Mycoplasma, and pathogenic fungi
- Pathogenesis, pathology, and laboratory diagnosis
Poxviruses
- Smallpox, Vaccinia, Molluscum contagiosum
Herpes Viruses
- Herpes Simplex, Chickenpox-Zoster, CMV, IMN, and Burkitt’s Lymphomas
Adenoviruses
- Pharyngeal infections, respiratory infections, and conjunctival infections
Orthomixoviruses
- Influenza Types A, B, C, etc.: Influenza
Paramyxovirus
- Respiratory infections, mumps, and measles
Miscellaneous Viruses
- Rubella, corona arena viruses, Rubella, common cold, lymphocytic choriomeningitis
Picorna Viruses
- Enteroviruses, poliomyelitis, aseptic meningitis, and epidemic myalgia, Rhinoviruses, common cold.
Hepatitis Viruses
- Infectious and Serum Hepatitis
Arboviruses
- Encephalitis, yellow fever, dengue fever.
Rhabdoviruses
- Rabies
Slow and Oncogenic Viruses
- Scrapie, Kuru, and animal virus tumors.
Cell Culture and Observation of Viral Effects
- Technique, procedure, and interpretation of results
- Safety measures in the Microbiology laboratory
- Occurrence of lab infections
- Routes of infection in the laboratory
- Safety measures and precautions when working with pathogens
- Experimental animal care and management: General directions for the care of animals, handling infected materials, necropsy, common diseases and experimental procedures
- Various experimental animals: Rabbits, guinea pigs, mice, rats, hamsters, fowls, and monkeys - their characteristics, cages, feeding, and handling.
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Description
Test your knowledge on laboratory organization and safety protocols in clinical biochemistry. This quiz covers essential topics including safety measures, first aid, laboratory equipment, and biochemical techniques. Understand the responsibilities of medical lab technologists and the importance of proper reagent preparation and storage.
