Y2S2 - 2012
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Y2S2 - 2012

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Questions and Answers

To be defined as a classical neurotransmitter a substance must be:

  • either an amino acid or an amine
  • present in the cytoplasm of neurons
  • synthesised by enzymic processes present in the presynaptic neuron (correct)
  • present at high concentrations in the brain

    • In meningitis due to Haemophilus influenzae:

  • the route of infection of the organism to the meninges is via both blood and peripheral nerves
  • the infection affects newborns more frequently than infants and toddlers
  • the CSF shows elevated neutrophil counts, decreased glucose levels and an increase in the protein concentration (correct)
  • the CSF cell count and glucose and protein concentrations are within normal levels

    • Which of the following viruses is transmitted to humans by mosquitoes?

  • Enterovirus 71
  • Herpes simplex virus
  • Poliovirus
  • Japanese encephalitis virus (correct)

    • Which of the following statements regarding the targeting of neurotransmitter systems by therapeutic agents is CORRECT?

    <p>Blockade of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) re-uptake is the basis for a class of anti-depressant agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chlamydia trachomatis is:

    <p>An obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen that causes genital, systemic and eye infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This drug is used intravenously (iv) to control status epilepticus.

    <p>diazepam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This drug is used exclusively in the treatment of absence (petit mal) seizures.

    <p>ethosuximide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which proximally placed structure would have been damaged first if the wall of the tube was accidentally damaged?

    <p>Levator palati muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Consumption of grapefruit juice may cause important interactions with drugs (e.g., statins, calcium channel blockers). This is due to which of the following?

    <p>Downregulation of the liver enzyme CYP3A4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The basic role of the middle ear bones is:

    <p>to amplify sound energy to the cochlea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    With regard to Treponema pallidum infection which of the following statements is CORRECT?

    <p>Chancre is a highly infectious lesion found in primary syphilis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most effective measure to reduce the spread of infections?

    <p>Regular hand washing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The perception of touch on a particular body region is PRIMARILY enabled by which of the following cortical regions?

    <p>Somatosensory cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A 60‐year‐old alcoholic patient is found unconscious on the road side. On examination he has a GCS of 8; his left pupil is dilated, sluggishly reacting to light. There is motor weakness on the right side of his body. He deteriorates slowly. A CT scan reveals a diffuse hyperdense lesion over the left parietal region. What is the MOST LIKELY cause of his unconsciousness?

    <p>Extradural haematoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A 25‐year‐old football player is involved in a head on collision. After a few minutes of unconsciousness he recovers and is sent to the dressing room. He becomes unconscious again after a few hours. His left pupil is dilated and does not react to light and there is weakness of the right side of his body.

    <p>Extradural haematoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ray is a 79‐year‐old man who has been admitted to hospital following a stroke. The stroke has affected his speech and processing of language. Damage to which of the following brain regions is MOST LIKELY to produce Ray’s post-stroke difficulties in both comprehending and expressing language?

    <p>Wernicke’s area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is MOST CORRECT in relation to snoring in the adult population?

    <p>Snoring does not increase the risk of obstructive sleep apnoea unless there is also a history of the patient being seen to stop breathing overnight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a standard polysomnography study, which of the following best describes the main purpose of the electrooculogram (EOG)?

    <p>To detect rapid eye movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    With regard to movements of the neck, which one of the following is CORRECT?

    <p>Lateral flexion occurs at multiple levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pharmacological agents would most likely be associated with an idiosyncratic drug reaction?

    <p>Penicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is MOST CORRECT in relation to obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA)?

    <p>OSA is associated with an increased incidence of cerebrovascular disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a side effect of benzodiazepines?

    <p>Poor concentration and confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Parkinson’s disease, there is reduced dopaminergic input from the substantia nigra pars compacta to the striatum. This results in:

    <p>Hypokinesia, because inhibitory activity of D1 neurons in the direct pathway is reduced, ultimately reducing activity in the cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Patients with widespread cerebellar lesions often display:

    <p>Diminished ability to generate movements using sensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most likely role for the vagus nerve (CN10) in speech and language function is:

    <p>Control of the laryngeal folds during speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Following damage to axons in the descending lateral corticospinal tract, motor reflexes:

    <p>Are initially lost, but return at an exaggerated level due to the loss of descending inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chlorpromazine is:

    <p>Sedating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Haloperidol results in:

    <p>Strong extrapyramidal side effects such as bradykinesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The surface area of the primary motor cortex that is devoted to controlling a myotatic unit is proportional to:

    <p>The level of fine control required of the muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fastest conducting sensory axons in humans are principally devoted to which type of sensory information?

    <p>Joint proprioception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cranial nerve, shown in red and indicated by the arrow, is the:

    <p>Facial nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mrs. Doubtfire woke up with stabbing-like pain in parts of her face. She was later diagnosed as suffering from Tic Douloureux. The cranial nerve affected in this patient is?

    <p>Trigeminal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lesion of the posterior thalamus and optic radiations on the left side of the brain will lead to:

    <p>Blindness in the right half of the visual field, irrespective of which eye is open</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A lesion of the posterior parietal cortex on the right side of the brain is likely to lead to:

    <p>Inability to pay attention to objects and events in some parts of the visual field</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient has a tumor in the cerebellum. They are most likely to present with which of the following?

    <p>Intention tremor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following clinical signs would suggest damage to the oculomotor nerve?

    <p>Ptosis and pupillary dilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A lesion to the facial nerve (CN VII) will most likely result in:

    <p>Difficulty in eye closure and loss of corneal reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is involved in the processing of olfactory information?

    <p>Amygdala</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inability to recognize faces (prosopagnosia) is typically caused by damage to:

    <p>Temporal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for accommodation of the lens in the eye?

    <p>Oculomotor nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inflammation of which of the following structures is responsible for Bell’s palsy?

    <p>Facial nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an essential component of the basal ganglia?

    <p>Substantia nigra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following neurotransmitters is most closely associated with motor control and Parkinson's disease?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Please select the cognitive domain most prominently affected in each of the following scenarios: When handed a piece of paper and a pen and asked to draw a cube, Eric Smalls, aged 79, writes down his name and address.

    <p>Constructional praxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Please select the cognitive domain most prominently affected in each of the following scenarios: Despite your encouragement, Doug Colts, aged 66, cannot put the numbers in the correct positions for a clock face.

    <p>Constructional praxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transduction of sweet, bitter, and umami flavors is principally mediated by:

    <p>G-protein coupled receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process contributes most heavily to the probability of an olfactory receptor neuron reaching threshold membrane potential for action potential firing?

    <p>The conformation of the olfactory receptor protein binding pocket</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mr. John Striker is a 78-year-old male who developed progressive paralysis of the left arm and legs. His MRI scan showed a lesion affecting the part of the medulla oblongata that conveys fibers from the primary motor cortex to the spinal cord. Identify the likely site of the lesion.

    <p>Trigeminal sensory nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hashim Idris, a 50-year-old fisherman with diabetes mellitus for the last 20 years, presents with palpitations. His pulse is irregularly irregular. What is the most likely finding of the P wave on Hashim’s ECG?

    <p>Absent P waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements concerning the use of L-dopa for Parkinsonian patients is CORRECT?

    <p>It has a short half-life (3-4 hrs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When examining a patient’s eyes with an ophthalmoscope:

    <p>Dilation of the pupils should not be performed on patients with shallow anterior chambers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    With regards to Clinical Breast Examination, it has a:

    <p>Low sensitivity and high specificity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Papilloedema (swelling around the optic nerve head) is an important clinical sign because it:

    <p>Indicates the patient has high intracranial pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

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