Brain Structure and Function

• High testosterone levels in Griffin altered cognitive processes and desires.
• The synthetic nervous system is activated during arousal.
• Neurotransmitters facilitate communication at the synapse.
• Pavlovian conditioning is synonymous with classical conditioning.
• Working for monetary compensation to purchase something, like chicken wings, exemplifies extrinsic motivation.
• Intrinsic motivation arises from internal factors.
• Neurohormones are transported throughout the body via the bloodstream.
• Dopamine is the neurotransmitter active in the midbrain's dopaminergic system.
• Elevated ghrelin levels are associated with feelings of hunger.
• The amygdala, a midbrain structure, is linked to the fear response.
• Lesioning the ventromedial hypothalamus may lead to increased hunger.
• Boosting self-esteem does not necessarily increase motivation.
• In classical conditioning, the conditioned response is a learned response.

Brain Structure and Function

• The most fundamental life functions, such as breathing and heart rate, are regulated by the hindbrain.
• Frontal Lobe Function: Decision-making and problem-solving occur in the frontal lobe.
• Parietal Lobe Function: Sensory processing and spatial awareness occurs in the parietal lobe.
• Temporal Lobe Function: Hearing and memory are functions of the temporal lobe.
• Occipital Lobe Function: Vision is processed in the Occipital lobe.
• Hindbrain
• Midbrain
• Forebrain

Classical Conditioning Concepts

• In higher-order conditioning, the conditioned stimulus (CS) starts acting as an unconditioned stimulus (US) to chain additional CS.
• Evaluative conditioning replaces a US with a new US that produces an opposite unconditioned response (UR).
• Little Albert's fear of a fur coat demonstrated generalization from the conditioned stimulus (CS).
• Perfume often serves as an example of a conditioned stimulus in learning scenarios.
• Unconditioned means unlearned.
• Being afraid of all bugs after being bitten by a spider illustrates stimulus generalization.
• An unconditioned stimulus elicits a response before any learning takes place.
• The conditioned response (CR) is a learned response in classical conditioning.
• When a CS is presented alone and the CR diminishes, it is called extinction.
• Sudden reappearance of a CR after a period of extinction is known as spontaneous recovery.
• In the context of food poisoning through classical conditioning:
  • US: Contaminated food
  • UR: Nausea and vomiting
  • CS: Sight or smell of that food
  • CR: Nausea upon re-encountering that food

Motivation and Emotion

• Internal motives are categorized into needs, cognitions, and emotions.
• Motivation involves the study of internal processes and external behaviour.

Hormones and the Nervous System

• Oxytocin functions as a bonding hormone.
• Activation of the sympathetic nervous system results in pupil dilation and vasoconstriction.

Research and Measurement

• An operational definition transforms an abstract concept into something objective.
• A platykurtic response curve across multiple conditioned stimuli is termed generalization gradient flattening.
• Galvanic skin response is a psychological measurement of motivation.

Theories of Motivation

• Hull's drive theory formula is D x H x K.

Compensatory Drug Response Graph

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Hierarchy of Motivation

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