Classical Management and Scientific Approach
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Questions and Answers

What was a significant outcome of the division of labor as discussed in the origins of modern management?

  • It reduced the need for specialized skillsets.
  • It standardized all job functions across industries.
  • It led to increased productivity and economic advantages. (correct)
  • It eliminated the necessity for managerial roles.

Which of the following best represents a principle of Taylor's Scientific Management?

  • Encourage workers to innovate independently.
  • Develop a non-scientific approach to management practices.
  • Assign the same duties to all workers regardless of skill.
  • Increase output by scientifically analyzing job tasks. (correct)

Who among the following isNOT associated with the Scientific Management theory?

  • Frederic W. Taylor
  • Max Weber
  • Henri Fayol (correct)
  • Frank Gilbreth

What role did the Industrial Revolution play in management history?

<p>It prompted a shift to large, efficient factories. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The concept of General Administrative Theory encompasses which of the following ideas?

<p>Ensuring that management and labor share responsibilities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of Taylor's pig iron experiment?

<p>To identify best practices for loading pig iron efficiently. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key characteristic of the Classical Approach to management?

<p>Focus on making organizations and workers as efficient as possible. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following figures specifically advocated for the use of scientific methods to enhance efficiency in work?

<p>Frederic W. Taylor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way did Taylor propose to motivate workers under his principles?

<p>By offering financial incentives tied to productivity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of a manager according to Theory Y?

<p>To create a work environment that encourages commitment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following techniques is NOT typically associated with the quantitative approach?

<p>Intuitively deciding based on manager instincts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the systems approach, what is meant by an open system?

<p>A system that interacts with its environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the contingency approach, what is a significant variable to consider for effective management?

<p>Environmental uncertainty (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following management concepts is associated with Frederick Taylor?

<p>Scientific management (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Mary Parker Follett emphasize in her studies related to management?

<p>The importance of employee participation in decision-making (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Henri Fayol's contribution to management primarily consist of?

<p>Establishment of fourteen principles of management (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following theorists is recognized for their work on industrial psychology?

<p>Hugo Münsterberg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key concept did Elton Mayo and the Hawthorne studies highlight regarding management?

<p>Social relations and employee morale influence productivity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach suggests that management practices must adapt to the specific context of each organization?

<p>Contingency approach (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the Gilbreths' study on work motions?

<p>To eliminate inefficient motions and enhance productivity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a Gantt chart?

<p>A bar graph illustrating planned versus actual output over time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are therbligs in the context of the Gilbreths' studies?

<p>A classification scheme for basic hand motions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following principles was not developed by Fayol?

<p>The acceptance theory of authority. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Hawthorne effect refers to what phenomenon in workplace studies?

<p>The awareness of being observed influences worker behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following theories posits negative assumptions about workers?

<p>Theory X (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes Chester Barnard's view on organizations?

<p>Organizations are systems of cooperation requiring proper management of informal dynamics. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did M.P. Follett advocate for in organizational management?

<p>Increased worker participation in decision-making processes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the scalar chain refer to in Fayol’s principles of management?

<p>The line of authority from top management to the lowest rank. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a feature of bureaucracy as defined by Max Weber?

<p>Informal interpersonal relationships. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Scientific management

The systematic study of work methods to identify the most efficient way to complete a task.

Division of labor

Breaking down jobs into smaller, repetitive tasks to improve efficiency.

Classical approach

A management theory that emphasizes rationality and efficiency in organizations.

Taylor's Scientific Management Principles

Use of scientific methods to determine the best way to perform a job.

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Taylor's Pig Iron Experiment

Experiment conducted by Frederick Taylor to increase efficiency in loading pig iron.

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General administrative theory

A management theory that focuses on the overall structure and functions of an organization.

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Industrial Revolution

Transition to new manufacturing processes driven by technology.

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Origins of modern management

The influence of early management theories on modern organizations and practices.

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Gilbreths' contributions

Frank and Lillian Gilbreth's contribution to scientific management.

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The early management era

A historical period marked by the emergence of large-scale organizations.

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Gilbreth's Motion Study

A method for studying work to eliminate wasteful motions, improve efficiency, and reduce fatigue. It involves using motion pictures, micro-chronometers, and a classification scheme for hand motions called "therbligs".

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Gantt Chart

A scheduling tool that visually represents planned and actual task progress over time using bars on a graph. It helps managers track if tasks are ahead, behind, or on schedule.

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Unity of Command

A management principle emphasizing that employees should receive orders from only one supervisor.

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Unity of Direction

A management principle stating that the organization should have a unified plan of action to guide managers and workers.

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Industrial Psychology

A scientific study of people in the workplace, examining how to improve employee efficiency.

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Acceptance Theory of Authority

The idea that managers need to properly treat employees to gain their acceptance of authority, since their acceptance is vital for organizational success.

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Hawthorne Effect

The idea that workers' attitudes towards their managers significantly influence their job performance.

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Theory X

A set of negative assumptions about workers, positing that they are inherently lazy, avoid responsibility, and need close supervision.

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Theory Y

A set of positive assumptions about workers, positing that they are naturally motivated, responsible, and capable of self-direction.

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Quantitative Approach

Using quantitative techniques, such as statistics and optimization models, to improve decision-making in management.

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Systems Approach

Views organizations as interconnected systems, with components like individuals, groups, and goals, that work together to achieve a common purpose.

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Contingency Approach

Recognizes that different organizations face unique situations and require tailored management strategies. There is no one-size-fits-all approach.

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Frederick Winslow Taylor

Developed scientific methods to find the best worker for each job by measuring and analyzing tasks. Focus on efficiency and productivity.

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Frank and Lillian Gilbreth

Studied worker movements using cameras to identify ways to reduce unnecessary motions and increase efficiency. Also known for time and motion studies.

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Henry Gantt

Created the Gantt chart, a visual planning and scheduling tool used to track progress and allocate resources.

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Henri Fayol

Developed 14 principles of management, including unity of command, division of labor, and authority and responsibility.

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Max Weber

Advocated for bureaucracy, a structured organizational system with clear hierarchy, rules, and procedures to ensure fairness and efficiency.

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Hugo Münsterberg

Applied psychology to the workplace, focusing on worker selection, training, and motivation. A pioneer in industrial psychology.

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Study Notes

Classical Approach to Management

  • Early management existed for millennia (e.g., Egyptian Pyramids, Great Wall of China).
  • Modern management originated with the division of labor (Adam Smith), increasing productivity and economic benefit.
  • The Industrial Revolution led to large factories and the need for managers.
  • The classical approach emphasizes rationality and efficiency in organizations.

Scientific Management

  • Focuses on using scientific methods to optimize work.
  • Key figures: Frederick Winslow Taylor, Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, Henry Gantt.
  • Taylor's pig iron experiment demonstrated increased productivity through scientific job design, proper tools, worker training, and incentives.
  • Taylor's Scientific Management Principles:
    • Develop science for each element of work, replacing guesswork.
    • Scientifically select, train, and develop workers.
    • Co-operate fully with workers for scientific work principles.
    • Divide work equally between management and workers. Management tasks should be specialized.
  • Gilbreths used motion pictures and micro-chronometers to analyze worker motions (therbligs), aiming to eliminate wasteful motions, reducing fatigue, and improving productivity (e.g., bricklaying).
  • Gantt created Gantt charts, bar graphs visually tracking planned and actual output, enabling managers to assess progress on tasks.

General Administrative Theory

  • Focuses on managerial functions and good management practices.

  • Henri Fayol identified 5 managerial functions: planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, controlling.

  • Fayol developed 14 Principles of Management:

    • Division of work
    • Authority
    • Discipline
    • Unity of command
    • Unity of direction
    • Subordination of individual interests
    • Remuneration
    • Centralization
    • Scalar chain
    • Order
    • Equity
    • Stability of tenure
    • Initiative
    • Esprit de corps

  • Max Weber conceptualized bureaucracy as an ideal organizational structure characterized by division of labor, hierarchy, rules, and impersonal relationships.

Behavioural Approach

  • Emphasizes individual attitudes, behaviors, and group dynamics in the workplace.
  • Key figures: Münsterberg (industrial psychology), Mary Parker Follett (human aspects), Chester Barnard (organization & informal structures), and Elton Mayo (Hawthorne studies).
  • Münsterberg pioneered industrial psychology, studying worker selection, training, and motivation.
  • Follett stressed worker participation and shared goals.
  • Barnard viewed organizations as cooperative systems, emphasizing the acceptance theory and importance of informal organization.
  • Hawthorne studies identified the Hawthorne Effect—that awareness of observation can affect worker behavior. Mayo suggested social norms and group standards influence productivity significantly.
  • Douglas McGregor proposed Theory X (negative assumptions about workers) and Theory Y (positive assumptions).

Quantitative Approach

  • Employs quantitative techniques for better decision making.
  • Developed from military applications during WWII, using statistics, optimization models, and linear programming.
  • Applied in areas like resource allocation, inventory, quality control, and planning.

Contemporary Approaches

  • Systems Approach: Views organizations as open systems, interacting with their environment, and recognizing interdependence among organizational components.,
  • Contingency Approach: Acknowledges organizational differences and situational demands—appropriate management varies with contingencies like size, environment, individual differences.

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Description

Explore the foundations of management with a focus on the classical and scientific approaches. This quiz covers historical developments, key figures, and principles that shaped modern management practices. Test your understanding of rationality, efficiency, and the impact of scientific methods on work optimization.

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