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Questions and Answers
The classical approach to management emphasizes creativity and the personal motivations of workers.
The classical approach to management emphasizes creativity and the personal motivations of workers.
False
The division of labor, as described by Adam Smith, is believed to decrease productivity within an organization.
The division of labor, as described by Adam Smith, is believed to decrease productivity within an organization.
False
Frederic W. Taylor's scientific management introduced non-scientific methods for defining job processes.
Frederic W. Taylor's scientific management introduced non-scientific methods for defining job processes.
False
Henri Fayol is considered a major figure in the general administrative theory associated with the classical approach.
Henri Fayol is considered a major figure in the general administrative theory associated with the classical approach.
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In Taylor’s pig iron experiment, daily average output increased by almost four times through scientific analysis.
In Taylor’s pig iron experiment, daily average output increased by almost four times through scientific analysis.
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The industrial revolution had no major impact on the demand for managers in organizations.
The industrial revolution had no major impact on the demand for managers in organizations.
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Frank and Lillian Gilbreth made important contributions to behavioral theory and rejected the ideas of scientific management.
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth made important contributions to behavioral theory and rejected the ideas of scientific management.
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Management is responsible for doing all work, even tasks that are better suited for workers according to Taylor’s principles.
Management is responsible for doing all work, even tasks that are better suited for workers according to Taylor’s principles.
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Theory Y assumes that workers are generally disinterested in their work.
Theory Y assumes that workers are generally disinterested in their work.
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The quantitative approach to management has its roots in solutions developed for agricultural problems.
The quantitative approach to management has its roots in solutions developed for agricultural problems.
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Closed systems do not interact with their environment.
Closed systems do not interact with their environment.
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The systems approach emphasizes that an organization's decisions affect only its internal processes.
The systems approach emphasizes that an organization's decisions affect only its internal processes.
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Contingency variables include organization size and environmental stability among others.
Contingency variables include organization size and environmental stability among others.
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Gantt is known for the promotion of scientific methods in managing workforce selection.
Gantt is known for the promotion of scientific methods in managing workforce selection.
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Follett emphasized the importance of the human side of organizations and worker participation.
Follett emphasized the importance of the human side of organizations and worker participation.
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McGregor's Theory X suggests that employees are self-motivated and take responsibility for their work.
McGregor's Theory X suggests that employees are self-motivated and take responsibility for their work.
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The Gilbreths invented the micro-chronometer, a device that recorded worker's motions and the amount of time spent.
The Gilbreths invented the micro-chronometer, a device that recorded worker's motions and the amount of time spent.
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Gantt charts are used primarily to display employee attendance rather than project schedules.
Gantt charts are used primarily to display employee attendance rather than project schedules.
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Fayol identified five distinct functions that managers perform, including commanding and controlling.
Fayol identified five distinct functions that managers perform, including commanding and controlling.
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The human relations perspective emerged from the findings of the Hawthorne Studies, demonstrating that social factors affect productivity.
The human relations perspective emerged from the findings of the Hawthorne Studies, demonstrating that social factors affect productivity.
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Weber's bureaucracy model is characterized by informal relationships and flexibility in decision-making.
Weber's bureaucracy model is characterized by informal relationships and flexibility in decision-making.
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M.P. Follett argued that workers should not be involved in the work development process because they lack the necessary knowledge.
M.P. Follett argued that workers should not be involved in the work development process because they lack the necessary knowledge.
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The acceptance theory of authority, developed by Barnard, suggests that employees must accept authority for it to be effective.
The acceptance theory of authority, developed by Barnard, suggests that employees must accept authority for it to be effective.
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Theory Y, as described by Douglas McGregor, assumes that workers are inherently lazy and need to be closely supervised.
Theory Y, as described by Douglas McGregor, assumes that workers are inherently lazy and need to be closely supervised.
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Therbligs were created as a classification scheme to label basic hand motions in the study of efficiency.
Therbligs were created as a classification scheme to label basic hand motions in the study of efficiency.
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Elton Mayo was a significant figure in the development of industrial sociology and did not influence management practices.
Elton Mayo was a significant figure in the development of industrial sociology and did not influence management practices.
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Remuneration, one of Fayol's principles, emphasizes that workers must be paid a fair wage for their services.
Remuneration, one of Fayol's principles, emphasizes that workers must be paid a fair wage for their services.
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Unity of command suggests that an employee should receive orders from multiple superiors to ensure flexibility.
Unity of command suggests that an employee should receive orders from multiple superiors to ensure flexibility.
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Münsterberg is known for applying principles of industrial psychology to address emotional and motivational elements of work.
Münsterberg is known for applying principles of industrial psychology to address emotional and motivational elements of work.
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The scalar chain principle refers to the notion that authority should be distributed equally across all levels of management.
The scalar chain principle refers to the notion that authority should be distributed equally across all levels of management.
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Chester Barnard introduced the concept of cliques and informal groups as significant influences within organizations.
Chester Barnard introduced the concept of cliques and informal groups as significant influences within organizations.
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Study Notes
Classical Approach to Management
- Early management existed for millennia, exemplified by structures like the Egyptian Pyramids and the Great Wall of China.
- Modern management origins include the division of labor, a concept championed by Adam Smith who argued it increased productivity.
- The industrial revolution led to the rise of large factories, necessitating more managers.
Scientific Management
- Emphasizes efficiency through scientific methods.
- Frederick Taylor's scientific management focused on optimizing individual tasks.
- Taylor's pig iron experiment dramatically increased productivity via scientifically determined processes.
- Key principles include developing a science for each job, selecting and training workers scientifically, ensuring cooperation between management and workers, and dividing work equally.
- Frank and Lillian Gilbreth improved worker productivity using motion studies, filming workers' motions to identify and eliminate inefficiencies.
- The Gilbreths developed therbligs, a classification system for hand motions.
- Henry Gantt developed scheduling charts (Gantt charts) to track tasks against plans.
General Administrative Theory
- Focuses on the general roles and principles of management.
- Henri Fayol identified five management functions: planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling.
- Fayol proposed fourteen principles of management that apply universally.
- Max Weber described bureaucracy, an ideal organizational structure characterized by division of labor, clear hierarchy, rules, and impersonal relationships.
Behavioral Approach
- Focuses on individual attitudes, behavior, and group processes in the workplace.
- Hugo Münsterberg, a pioneer of industrial psychology, studied human reactions to workplace conditions.
- Mary Parker Follett highlighted employee participation and worker-manager collaboration.
- Chester Barnard explored the impact of informal organizations and acceptance of authority in organizations.
- The Hawthorne Studies, conducted by Elton Mayo and colleagues, demonstrated the Hawthorne Effect: workers' awareness of being observed affects their productivity.
Quantitative Approach
- Applies mathematical and statistical methods to management decisions.
- Quantitative techniques improve decisions in areas like resource allocation, inventory control, quality management, and planning.
Contemporary Approaches
- The Systems Approach views organizations as open systems that interact with their environment.
- The Contingency Approach acknowledges that effective management depends on specific organizational situations and circumstances.
Summary of Key Figures
- Taylor: Scientific management principles.
- Gilbreth: Motion studies and therbligs.
- Gantt: Gantt charts.
- Fayol: 14 Principles of Management.
- Weber: Bureaucracy theory.
- Münsterberg: Industrial psychology.
- Follett: Employee participation.
- Barnard: Informal organization and acceptance of authority.
- Hawthorne/Mayo: Hawthorne Effect highlighting importance of social factors in productivity.
- McGregor: Theory X and Theory Y contrasting worker assumptions.
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Description
Explore the foundations of management through classical and scientific approaches. This quiz covers historical management practices, key figures like Adam Smith and Frederick Taylor, and principles aimed at enhancing productivity. Test your knowledge on how these theories shaped modern management techniques.
