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Who popularized the concept of the psychic unity of mankind within anthropology?
Which of the following stages did Tylor and Morgan claim mankind has passed through?
In terms of moral and cultural development, which aspect was emphasized by Morgan as a measure of progress?
What concept suggests that human beings around the world experience similar stages of development?
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What were the four sets of cultural achievements that Morgan identified as markers of developmental stages?
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According to classical evolutionism, cultural evolution progresses in which manner?
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How did Morgan categorize the stages of savagery and barbarism?
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What does 'survivals' refer to in the context of cultural evolution?
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What did Morgan propose was the initial form of subsistence in lower savagery?
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E.B. Tylor believed that culture evolves from which stage to which stage?
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Which of the following does NOT represent a feature of classical evolutionism?
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Which concept did Morgan prioritize as a 'test of progress' depicting cultural evolution?
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What philosophical theory is associated with the psychic unity of mankind as proposed by Tylor and Morgan?
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What role do parallel inventions play in classical evolutionism?
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What aspect of culture does the term 'museumology' refer to in the context of evolutionary stages?
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What is the ultimate direction of cultural evolution as described in classical evolutionism?
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What characterizes the CONSANGUINE FAMILY stage?
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Which statement best describes the PATRIARCHAL FAMILY stage?
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How do descent groups evolve according to Morgan's theory?
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What is a key reason for the rise of the patrilineal system?
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In which family stage does one man marry one woman exclusively?
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What describes the PUNALUAN FAMILY stage?
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What primarily influenced the emergence of the bilineal kinship system?
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Which type of marriage was not part of the evolutionary progression of marriage established by Morgan?
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What term did Morgan use to describe the early kinship terminology system that categorized multiple individuals under the same term?
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According to Morgan, what factor linked social structure to kinship systems?
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In Morgan's view, how does the descriptive kinship system contrast with the classificatory kinship system?
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What are the two distinct forms of social order that Morgan identified?
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What significant transition does Morgan associate with the evolution of kinship systems?
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What percentage of Ancient Society does Morgan dedicate to the discussion of the 'Growth of the Idea of Government'?
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How does Morgan describe the earliest form of social organization?
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What term does Morgan use to refer to social organization based on kin ties?
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What aspect of Cultural Evolutionism is primarily criticized by contemporary anthropologists?
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Why is the theory of Cultural Evolutionism considered to be empirically flawed?
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What term is used to describe anthropologists who rely on the work of others rather than conducting their own fieldwork?
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What element of cultural development does the theory of Cultural Evolutionism ignore?
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Who referred to the theory of Cultural Evolutionism as 'empirically flawed'?
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What was Edward Tylor's role in the context of Cultural Evolutionism?
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What is the implication of the claim that 'not all societies have passed through all the three stages'?
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What does Morgan's typology of developmental stages aim to explain?
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Study Notes
Classical Evolutionism
- Classical Evolutionism views human culture as evolving in a linear, progressive manner, moving from simple to complex, homogeneity to heterogeneity, and from indefinite to definite.
- This theory emphasizes the historical explanation of cultural development, drawing on museumology and comparative methods.
- Similarities in cultural traits are attributed to parallel inventions and the psychic unity of mankind.
- Survivals, both material and non-material, are seen as evidence of earlier stages of culture. Survivals persist due to habit even when they lose their utility.
Edward Burnett Tylor
- Tylor believed that culture evolves from simple to complex, with all societies passing through stages of savagery, barbarism, and civilization.
- He argued that progress was possible for all societies.
Psychic Unity of Mankind
- The psychic unity of mankind concept, popularized by Tylor, argues that humans think alike and will thus arrive at similar solutions to the same problems.
- This idea was used by Tylor and Lewis Henry Morgan to explain the shared stages of development (Savagery, Barbarism, Civilization) across different cultures.
Lewis Henry Morgan
- Morgan sub-divided the stages of savagery and barbarism into three groups: lower, middle, and upper.
- He defined these stages based on technological achievements, including inventions and discoveries, government, family organization, and property concepts.
- He believed that technological developments marked the different stages of cultural evolution.
- Morgan identified five main stages in the evolution of the family:
- Consanguine Family
- Punaluan Family
- Syndasmian Family
- Patriarchal Family
- Monogamous Family
Evolution of Descent Groups
- According to Morgan, descent groups evolved from promiscuous societies to matrilineal and then patrilineal.
- Matrilineal systems arose because paternity was uncertain in early societies, with descent traced through the mother.
- Patrilineal systems emerged as wealth accumulated, primarily held by males, requiring a system to pass wealth down generations.
- In modern western societies, a combination of paternal and maternal descent rules, resulting in bilineal or bilateral kinship systems.
Evolution of Marriage
- Morgan believed that marriage evolved from sexual promiscuity through group marriage, polyandry, polygamy, and finally monogamy.
Kinship Terminology
- Morgan categorized kinship systems into two types: descriptive and classificatory.
- He believed that early kinship systems were classificatory.
- Classificatory systems use the same term to designate multiple individuals, classifying kin into one category.
- Descriptive systems, associated with "civilized" societies, arose with the rise of property and lineage.
Evolution of Socio-Political Organization
- Morgan distinguished between social order based on kinship ties (societas) and social order based on political ties (civitas).
- He believed that the earliest form of social organization was based on kinship, with gentes, clans, and tribes, while the later political organization was based on territory and property.
Critiques of Cultural Evolutionism
- Cultural Evolutionism has been criticized for its one-sided explanation, ignoring other factors like diffusion that could have influenced cultural change.
- The theory has been criticized for its assumption that all societies have passed through all three stages (Savagery, Barbarism, Civilization), which is not supported by evidence.
- The reliance on armchair anthropology, using data collected by others, resulted in a lack of empirical evidence and potentially biased observations.
Armchair Anthropology
- Armchair anthropology, primarily used by Tylor, involved using data collected by others, like missionaries, explorers, and colonial officials.
- This approach lacked firsthand observation and relied on potentially biased information, leading to flawed conclusions.
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Description
Explore the key concepts of Classical Evolutionism, including Edward Burnett Tylor's views on the linear progression of culture. The quiz delves into the historical explanations for cultural development and the idea of the psychic unity of mankind. Understand how survivals in culture provide evidence for earlier stages of human society.
