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Questions and Answers
What is the primary goal of operant conditioning?
What is the primary goal of operant conditioning?
Positive punishment involves removing something to discourage a behavior.
Positive punishment involves removing something to discourage a behavior.
False
Define negative reinforcement.
Define negative reinforcement.
Removing something unpleasant to encourage a behavior.
In operant conditioning, ___________ involves adding something to encourage a behavior.
In operant conditioning, ___________ involves adding something to encourage a behavior.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What is the term for the initial pairing of the conditioned stimulus?
What is the term for the initial pairing of the conditioned stimulus?
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In classical conditioning, a similar stimulus always elicits the same response.
In classical conditioning, a similar stimulus always elicits the same response.
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Who is the founder of behaviorism?
Who is the founder of behaviorism?
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The random reappearance of the conditioned stimulus after extinction is known as __________.
The random reappearance of the conditioned stimulus after extinction is known as __________.
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Which of the following best describes second-order conditioning?
Which of the following best describes second-order conditioning?
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Generalization only occurs in classical conditioning.
Generalization only occurs in classical conditioning.
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Match the following concepts with their correct descriptions:
Match the following concepts with their correct descriptions:
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What was the main experiment conducted by Pavlov?
What was the main experiment conducted by Pavlov?
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What was used to induce fear in Baby Albert?
What was used to induce fear in Baby Albert?
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Aversive conditioning is a form of operant conditioning.
Aversive conditioning is a form of operant conditioning.
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What was the purpose of pairing the appealing drinks with a drug in alcoholism treatment?
What was the purpose of pairing the appealing drinks with a drug in alcoholism treatment?
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When Baby Albert was exposed to other stimuli, he reacted with __________.
When Baby Albert was exposed to other stimuli, he reacted with __________.
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Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
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What were the results of Weins & Menustik's meta-analysis on aversive conditioning for alcoholics after 3 years?
What were the results of Weins & Menustik's meta-analysis on aversive conditioning for alcoholics after 3 years?
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Baby Albert died at a young age of 6.
Baby Albert died at a young age of 6.
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What is the ultimate goal of aversive conditioning?
What is the ultimate goal of aversive conditioning?
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What is the theory that proposes new behaviors can be acquired by observing and imitating others?
What is the theory that proposes new behaviors can be acquired by observing and imitating others?
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What is the primary purpose of Skinner Boxes in behavior studies?
What is the primary purpose of Skinner Boxes in behavior studies?
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Latent learning is a type of learning that is always obvious from the beginning.
Latent learning is a type of learning that is always obvious from the beginning.
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Who conducted the experiment involving rats in a maze to demonstrate latent learning?
Who conducted the experiment involving rats in a maze to demonstrate latent learning?
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Continuous reinforcement leads to greater resistance to extinction compared to partial reinforcement.
Continuous reinforcement leads to greater resistance to extinction compared to partial reinforcement.
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What are 'reinforcers' in the context of operant conditioning?
What are 'reinforcers' in the context of operant conditioning?
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Wolfgang Kohler is known for studying ____ by observing chimpanzees.
Wolfgang Kohler is known for studying ____ by observing chimpanzees.
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In operant conditioning, the process of rewarding successive approximations towards a goal is called __________.
In operant conditioning, the process of rewarding successive approximations towards a goal is called __________.
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Match the psychologist with their key contribution:
Match the psychologist with their key contribution:
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What was the result when children were exposed to an aggressive model?
What was the result when children were exposed to an aggressive model?
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Match the types of reinforcement schedules with their characteristics:
Match the types of reinforcement schedules with their characteristics:
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In Albert Bandura's Bobo Doll study, what was one key finding regarding gender?
In Albert Bandura's Bobo Doll study, what was one key finding regarding gender?
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Creative embellishment refers to children using new ways to interact with toys.
Creative embellishment refers to children using new ways to interact with toys.
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Partial reinforcement is more common in real-life situations than continuous reinforcement.
Partial reinforcement is more common in real-life situations than continuous reinforcement.
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What happens in the second half of the maze trial with the group of rats that was not rewarded during the first half?
What happens in the second half of the maze trial with the group of rats that was not rewarded during the first half?
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The term ____ is used to describe the mental representation that rats build while navigating a maze.
The term ____ is used to describe the mental representation that rats build while navigating a maze.
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What is the term for putting behaviors together to reach a desired goal?
What is the term for putting behaviors together to reach a desired goal?
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In the study with the aggressive model, what type of behavior did the children mimic?
In the study with the aggressive model, what type of behavior did the children mimic?
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The term __________ refers to the process of releasing strong emotions by observing violent behavior.
The term __________ refers to the process of releasing strong emotions by observing violent behavior.
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Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?
Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?
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Study Notes
Classical Conditioning
- Classical conditioning is a learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, triggering a learned response.
- Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) - naturally and automatically triggers a response.
- Unconditioned response (UCR) - the natural and automatic response to the UCS.
- Conditioned stimulus (CS) - a previously neutral stimulus that, after being paired with the UCS, now triggers a conditioned response.
- Conditioned response (CR) - the learned response to the conditioned stimulus.
Types of Classical Conditioning
- Aversive Conditioning: Learning to avoid or dislike a stimulus through negative associations.
- Pavlov's Dog Experiment: A seminal experiment demonstrating classical conditioning with dogs.
- Acquisition: The initial pairing of the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus.
- Extinction: The breakdown of the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response.
- Spontaneous recovery: The random reappearance of the conditioned stimulus after extinction.
- Generalization: Similar stimuli causing the same response.
- Discrimination: A similar stimulus does not causing the same response.
First-Order Conditioning
- The original classical conditioning.
- Example: Food (UCS) → Drool (UCR) + Bell (CS) = Bell (CS) → Drool (CR).
Second-Order Conditioning
- Using the conditioned stimulus to condition a new stimulus.
- Example: Bell (CS) → Drool (CR) + Light = Light → Drool.
John B. Watson
- Founder of Behaviorism (an approach to psychology that dominated the later half of the 20th century).
Baby Albert Study (1920)
- Demonstrated how emotions can be classically conditioned.
- First exposed Albert to various stimuli (white rat, rabbit, monkey, etc.) that he was not initially fearful of.
- Everytime a stimulus was presented the experimenters would give Albert a loud noise, resulting in fear in response to the stimulus.
- Later the stimuli presented to Albert on their own produced the same reaction of fear.
Aversive Conditioning
- A special type of classical conditioning focused on undesired behaviors.
- Taste Aversion: Learned dislike for a food or drink due to a negative experience.
- Alcoholism: Pairing alcohol with a drug inducing nausea to reduce the likelihood of consuming alcohol.
Operant Conditioning
- A form of learning where behavior is influenced by consequences.
- Positive Reinforcement: Adding something to encourage a behavior.
- Negative Reinforcement: Removing something to encourage a behavior.
- Positive Punishment: Adding something to discourage a behavior.
- Negative Punishment: Removing something to discourage a behavior.
- B.F. Skinner: Pioneer in studying operant conditioning using Skinner Boxes.
Schedules of Reinforcement
- Continuous Reinforcement: Response is reinforced every time it occurs (rare in real life).
- Partial Reinforcement: Responses are sometimes rewarded, demonstrating greater resistance to extinction. -Ratio: Based on the number of instances. -Fixed ratio: Behavior is reinforced after a given number of responses. -Variable ratio: Behavior is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses. -Interval: Based on time. -Fixed interval: Behavior is reinforced after a fixed amount of time. -Variable interval: Behavior is reinforced after a variable amount of time.
Observational Learning (Albert Bandura's Bobo Doll Study)
- Learning by observing and imitating others.
- Participants observed adults interacting with a Bobo doll in either a violent or non-violent manner.
- Children who observed violent behavior were more likely to imitate that behavior when given the opportunity compared to children who were presented with non-violent models.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of classical conditioning, a pivotal learning process in psychology. This quiz covers key concepts such as unconditioned and conditioned stimuli, as well as important terms like acquisition and extinction. Test your knowledge on famous experiments like Pavlov's Dog and enhance your understanding of behaviorism.
