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Questions and Answers
What is the primary difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
In the context of classical conditioning, what does the unconditioned response (UR) represent?
What does the process of extinction in classical conditioning refer to?
Which term describes the ability to differentiate between similar stimuli in operant conditioning?
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What principle does Thorndike's Law of Effect illustrate?
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How does Bandura's concept of observational learning differ from classical and operant conditioning?
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Which of the following best describes the term 'shaping' in operant conditioning?
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Which type of reinforcement is designed to increase the likelihood of a behavior by providing a favorable outcome?
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What key concept is demonstrated by Pavlov's experiments with dogs?
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What does spontaneous recovery refer to in the context of classical conditioning?
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Study Notes
Learning
- Our reactions to the environment are called classical conditioning.
- How we act in the environment is called operant conditioning.
- Observational learning is how we learn from observing the environment.
Classical Conditioning
- Ivan Pavlov is credited as the founder of Classical Conditioning.
- Pavlov's Dog Experiment demonstrated the ability of dogs to associate the sound of a bell with the presentation of food.
- This experiment helped scientists study human learning based on associations between two stimuli.
Elements of Classical Conditioning
- Unconditioned Stimulus (US): A stimulus that automatically elicits a response without prior learning (e.g., food).
- Unconditioned Response (UR): The automatic reaction to an unconditioned stimulus (e.g., salivation to food).
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A neutral stimulus that becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus through learning (e.g., the bell).
- Conditioned Response (CR): The learned response to the conditioned stimulus (e.g., salivation to the bell).
Eye-Blink Experiment
- This experiment conditioned rabbits to blink their eyes in response to a tone.
Acquisition, Extinction, Spontaneous Recovery
- Acquisition: The process of strengthening a conditioned response through repeated pairings of the CS and US.
- Extinction: The weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response when the CS is presented repeatedly without the US.
- Spontaneous Recovery: The temporary return of an extinguished response after a period of rest.
Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination
- Stimulus Generalization: When a conditioned response to a specific stimulus becomes associated with other similar stimuli (e.g., a dog conditioned to fear a specific bell may fear similar sounds).
- Stimulus Discrimination: Learning to respond to one stimulus but not to another (e.g., a dog learned to salivate only to the specific bell sound).
Operant Conditioning
- Edward Thorndike is credited as the founder of the Law of Effect, which states that behaviors followed by rewards are more likely to be repeated.
- B.F. Skinner is the founder of Operant Conditioning which involves increasing a desired behavior by using rewards (reinforcement) or decreasing an undesired behavior through punishment.
- Skinner Box: A controlled environment used to study operant conditioning with mice.
- Pigeon Experiment: An experiment that demonstrated the use of operant conditioning to train a pigeon to turn in a specific direction.
Reinforcement and Shaping
- Reinforcement: A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior.
- Shaping: A process of using reinforcement to gradually mold behavior in the desired direction.
- Positive Punishment: The application of an unpleasant stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.
- Negative Punishment: The removal of a pleasant stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.
Bobo Doll Experiment
- Albert Bandura is credited with founding Observational Learning.
- This experiment involved children observing adults either attacking or ignoring an inflated "Bobo" doll. Children who observed aggressive behavior were more likely to exhibit aggression themselves.
Conditioned Taste Aversions
- This is a type of learning where individuals learn to avoid certain foods, especially unfamiliar ones, after experiencing nausea or illness in association with that food.
Primary and Secondary Reinforcers
- Primary Reinforcers: Unconditioned reinforcers that are inherently satisfying, such as food and water.
- Secondary Reinforcers: Conditioned reinforcers that derive their value from their association with primary reinforcers, such as money.
- Punishers: Consequences that decrease the likelihood of a behavior.
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Description
Explore the principles of classical conditioning, its key elements, and the foundational experiment by Ivan Pavlov. This quiz examines how associative learning shapes behavior and understanding in psychology. Test your knowledge of fundamental concepts in behavioral psychology.
