Unit 3 Learning Notes PDF

Unit 3: Learning Classical Conditionaing Unconditioned Stimulus → Unconditional Response → Conditioned Stimulus → Conditioned Response...

Unit 3: Learning Classical Conditionaing Unconditioned Stimulus → Unconditional Response → Conditioned Stimulus → Conditioned Response Types of Classical Conditioning → Aversive Pavlov’s Dog Experiment Acquistion → initial paring of the conditioned stimulus Extinction → the breakdown of the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response Spontaneous Recovery → random reappearence of the conditioned stimulus after extinction Generalization → similar stimuli cause the same response Discrimination → a similar stimuli does not cause the same response First-Order Conditioning → original classical conditioning, what is additionally used to cause a response Food → Drool + Bell = Bell → Drool Second-Order Conditioning → Using the conditioned stimuli to condition a new stimuli Bell → Drool + Light = Light → Drool John B. Watson → Founder of “Behaviorism” an approach to psychology that will dominate throughout the later half 20th century Conditioning and behavior modification and still widley used in therapy and behavioral training to help clients change problematic behaviors and develop new skills Baby Albert Study → 1920 https://knowt.com/note/a51cf323-55ef-497a-a9b7-b219f2a37a96/Unit-3-Learning 12/13/24, 2 21 PM Page 1 of 5 :  can you classicly condition emotions? Fear Set-up first exposed Albert to stimuli white lab rat, rabbit, monkey, dog, fur coat, etc. not fearful of any stimuli everytime the white rat comes near Albert, they are going to take a big steel rod and smack it with a hammer evertime the rat comes near to cause fear when they brought the other stimuli in front of him, he had the same fear reaction Baby Albert Update → died at age 6 Aversive Conditioning → special type of classical conditioning Taste Aversion → why you don’t like certain foods Alcoholism → therapist offers client appealing drinks laced with a drug that produces severe nausea undesired behavior + unpleasent stimulus = stop with the undesired behavior form of therapy Goal = replace positive response to a harmful stimulus with a negative response association between unwanted behavior and unpleasant feelings Weins & Menustik (1983) → meta analysis of aversive conditioning studied 685 alcoholics who had undergone aversion therapy 1 year later, 63% were successful After 3 years, only 33% remained abstinent Does it work? → in short term, maybe problem = people know that outside https://knowt.com/note/a51cf323-55ef-497a-a9b7-b219f2a37a96/Unit-3-Learning 12/13/24, 2 21 PM Page 2 of 5 :  therapist’s office, they can drink without fear of nausea person’s ability to discriminate between aversive conditioning situation and all others limits effectiveness Operate Conditioning → Behavior traning protocol for voulentary behaviors Negative Punishment → removing something to discourage a bahavior Positive Punishment → adding something to discourage a behavior Positive Reinforcment → adding something to encourage a behavior Negative Reinforcment → removing something to encourage a behavior B.F. Skinner → Skinner Boxes studied operant conditioning using isolated behaviors uses pigeons and rats Discovered reinforcers and punishments Behavior Shaping → reward steps towards the goal Behavior Chaining → putting a bahavior together with other behaviors to reach the desired goal Schedules of Reinforcement → Continuous Reinforcement → response is reinforced every time it occurs extremley rare in real life extinction happens quickly → overjustification start to do an action simply for the reward Partial Reinforcement → responses sometimes rewarded, sometimes not greater resistance to extinction Ratio → # of instances (occurances) Fixed → behavior is reinforced after a given number of responses Variable → behavior is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses https://knowt.com/note/a51cf323-55ef-497a-a9b7-b219f2a37a96/Unit-3-Learning 12/13/24, 2 21 PM Page 3 of 5 :  fly fishing Interval → amount of time Fixed → behavior is reinforced after a fixed period of time pay checks higher response at the end of the interval Variable → behavior is reinforced after a varying amount of time fishing Observational Learning → Albert Bandura’s Bobo Doll Study → Set-up → does watching someone perform violent acts provide you with catharsis (process of releasing and therby providing releif from strong emotions) 1961 36 boys and 36 girls approximately 3-6 years old Stanford University organized kids into 3 groups: Experimental group #1 → children watched adults play with toys normally Experimental group #2 → children watched adults play with toys violently Control group → children were sent to play with no modeling Does the child’s gender impact the way that they played in the room? no Results → increased attraction to guns when exposed to an agressive model guns were never modeled “novel hostile language” → kids were talking smack while beating the doll https://knowt.com/note/a51cf323-55ef-497a-a9b7-b219f2a37a96/Unit-3-Learning 12/13/24, 2 21 PM Page 4 of 5 :  “creative embellishment” → new ways that the children devised to hit the doll “weapon of assult” After → recorded the agressive model and showed it on a TV also recorded one version but with the person dressed up as a cat findings were dynamite as the children still imitated the violent behavior seen on TV Legacy → Social Learning Theory: a theory of learning and social behavior which propses that new hehaviors can be acquired by observinng and imitating others Ham Example Latent learning → learning without knowing you learning becomes obvious only once a reinforcement is given for demonstration Edward Tolman three groups of rats placed into maze one group always got a reward for completing the maze → faster one group never got a reward → slower one group was not rewarded during the first half of the trial but was rewarded the second half → first half they preformed like group two but in the second half they preformed like group one Building a Cognitive Map Wolfgang Kohler → pychologist that suspended a banana from the ceiling out of reach from the chimpansees https://knowt.com/note/a51cf323-55ef-497a-a9b7-b219f2a37a96/Unit-3-Learning 12/13/24, 2 21 PM Page 5 of 5 :