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Questions and Answers
What does the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) naturally elicit in classical conditioning?
What does the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) naturally elicit in classical conditioning?
- Conditioned Response (CR)
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
- Unconditioned Response (UCR) (correct)
- Neutral Response (NR)
In the context of classical conditioning, what occurs during generalization?
In the context of classical conditioning, what occurs during generalization?
- A neutral stimulus elicits no response.
- A learned response is diminished.
- An organism learns to respond only to the original stimulus.
- A new stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus produces a similar response. (correct)
What is the primary purpose of reinforcement in operant conditioning?
What is the primary purpose of reinforcement in operant conditioning?
- To eliminate undesirable behaviors.
- To increase the probability of a behavior occurring. (correct)
- To create new conditioned stimuli.
- To promote behavioral extinction.
Which statement best defines punishment in operant conditioning?
Which statement best defines punishment in operant conditioning?
Which stimulus in classical conditioning becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus?
Which stimulus in classical conditioning becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus?
What is punishment used for within operant conditioning?
What is punishment used for within operant conditioning?
In Pavlov’s experiment, what was the unconditioned response (UCR)?
In Pavlov’s experiment, what was the unconditioned response (UCR)?
What describes the process of weakening a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer present?
What describes the process of weakening a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer present?
What defines the term 'discrimination' in classical conditioning?
What defines the term 'discrimination' in classical conditioning?
What is the role of reinforcement in behavioral approaches to learning?
What is the role of reinforcement in behavioral approaches to learning?
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Study Notes
Behavioral Approach to Learning
- Emphasizes the importance of children making connections between experiences and behavior.
Classical Conditioning
- Two types of stimuli and two types of responses:
- Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): Naturally occurring stimulus.
- Unconditioned Response (UCR): An unlearned response automatically elicited by the UCS.
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A neutral stimulus that becomes associated with the UCS, eliciting a conditioned response.
- Conditioned Response (CR): A learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after UCS-CS pairing.
Pavlov's Classical Conditioning Experiment
- UCS: Food
- UCR: Salivation
- CS: Bell
- CR: Salivation in response to the bell
Generalization, Discrimination, and Extinction
- Generalization: A new stimulus similar to the original conditioned stimulus elicits a similar response.
- Discrimination: The organism responds to certain stimuli but not others.
- Extinction: The weakening of the conditioned response in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus.
Operant (Instrumental) Conditioning
- Consequences of behavior produce changes in the probability of that behavior occurring.
- Reinforcement: Used to increase the probability of a behavior.
- Punishment: Used to decrease the probability of a behavior.
Behavioral Approach to Learning
- Focuses on the connection between experiences and behavior
- Emphasizes the importance of making connections between experiences and behavior
Classical Conditioning
- Developed by Ivan Pavlov
- Involves learning by association
- Two types of stimuli and two types of responses
Stimuli and Responses
- Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): A naturally occurring stimulus that elicits an unlearned response.
- Unconditioned Response (UCR): An unlearned response automatically triggered by the UCS.
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A previously neutral stimulus that becomes associated with the UCS, eliciting a learned response.
- Conditioned Response (CR): A learned response to the CS that occurs after UCS-CS pairing.
Example: Pavlov's Dog Experiment
- UCS: Food
- UCR: Salivation
- CS: Bell
- CR: Salivation in response to the bell
Generalization, Discrimination, and Extinction
- Generalization: Responding to a new stimulus similar to the original CS with a similar response
- Discrimination: Responding to certain stimuli but not others.
- Extinction: Weakening of the CR in the absence of the UCS.
Operant Conditioning
- Also known as Instrumental Conditioning
- States that consequences of behavior influence the probability of that behavior occurring
- Reinforcement: Increases the probability of a behavior
- Punishment: Decreases the probability of a behavior
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