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Questions and Answers
What principle states that a behavior is more likely to occur if it is followed by a reward?
What principle states that a behavior is more likely to occur if it is followed by a reward?
Negative reinforcement involves the presentation of a stimulus to strengthen a behavior.
Negative reinforcement involves the presentation of a stimulus to strengthen a behavior.
False
What is the main purpose of a Skinner box?
What is the main purpose of a Skinner box?
To allow sustained periods of conditioning and record animal behaviors.
A ________ stimulus signals the presence of reinforcement in operant conditioning.
A ________ stimulus signals the presence of reinforcement in operant conditioning.
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Match the following schedules of reinforcement to their definitions:
Match the following schedules of reinforcement to their definitions:
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Which type of reinforcement involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus?
Which type of reinforcement involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus?
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Superstitions can be understood through the principles of operant conditioning.
Superstitions can be understood through the principles of operant conditioning.
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What is 'shaping' in the context of operant conditioning?
What is 'shaping' in the context of operant conditioning?
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A ________ economy is used in behavior therapy to reinforce desired behaviors.
A ________ economy is used in behavior therapy to reinforce desired behaviors.
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What are the two types of punishment in operant conditioning?
What are the two types of punishment in operant conditioning?
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What is the process called where an organism responds less strongly over time to repeated stimuli?
What is the process called where an organism responds less strongly over time to repeated stimuli?
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In operant conditioning, behavior is emitted voluntarily.
In operant conditioning, behavior is emitted voluntarily.
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Define an unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
Define an unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
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________ is the sudden reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of time.
________ is the sudden reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of time.
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Which of the following best describes higher-order conditioning?
Which of the following best describes higher-order conditioning?
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Stimulus discrimination occurs when an organism responds more strongly to similar stimuli.
Stimulus discrimination occurs when an organism responds more strongly to similar stimuli.
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What is Thorndike’s law of effect?
What is Thorndike’s law of effect?
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In classical conditioning, the ________ response is learned through association with a neutral stimulus.
In classical conditioning, the ________ response is learned through association with a neutral stimulus.
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Match the terms concerning classical conditioning with their definitions:
Match the terms concerning classical conditioning with their definitions:
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What is the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?
What is the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?
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The principle asserting that a stimulus followed by a behavior resulting in a reward increases the likelihood of that behavior in the future is known as the law of ______.
The principle asserting that a stimulus followed by a behavior resulting in a reward increases the likelihood of that behavior in the future is known as the law of ______.
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B.F. Skinner's experimental tool for studying behavior was called the ______ box.
B.F. Skinner's experimental tool for studying behavior was called the ______ box.
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In operant conditioning, the term ______ refers to an outcome that strengthens the likelihood of a behavior occurring again.
In operant conditioning, the term ______ refers to an outcome that strengthens the likelihood of a behavior occurring again.
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The removal of an unpleasant stimulus to strengthen a behavior is known as ______ reinforcement.
The removal of an unpleasant stimulus to strengthen a behavior is known as ______ reinforcement.
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A ______ interval schedule provides reinforcement after a specified amount of time has passed.
A ______ interval schedule provides reinforcement after a specified amount of time has passed.
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A ______ economy in behavior therapy involves reinforcing desired behaviors with tokens.
A ______ economy in behavior therapy involves reinforcing desired behaviors with tokens.
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In operant conditioning, ______ refers to the weakening of behavior when followed by an unpleasant consequence.
In operant conditioning, ______ refers to the weakening of behavior when followed by an unpleasant consequence.
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The presentation of a stimulus that weakens the likelihood of a behavior is called ______ punishment.
The presentation of a stimulus that weakens the likelihood of a behavior is called ______ punishment.
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In operant conditioning, the ______ stimulus signals the availability of reinforcement.
In operant conditioning, the ______ stimulus signals the availability of reinforcement.
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The gradual process of reinforcing behaviors that come closer to a target behavior is known as ______.
The gradual process of reinforcing behaviors that come closer to a target behavior is known as ______.
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Learning is a change in an organism's behavior or thought as a result of ______.
Learning is a change in an organism's behavior or thought as a result of ______.
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In classical conditioning, an initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response is called a ______.
In classical conditioning, an initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response is called a ______.
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Gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the conditioned response is known as ______.
Gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the conditioned response is known as ______.
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Thorndike's Law of Effect states that behaviors followed by ______ are more likely to be repeated.
Thorndike's Law of Effect states that behaviors followed by ______ are more likely to be repeated.
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In operant conditioning, the behavior produced by the animal to receive a reward is called ______.
In operant conditioning, the behavior produced by the animal to receive a reward is called ______.
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The process by which an organism responds less strongly over time to repeated stimuli is referred to as ______.
The process by which an organism responds less strongly over time to repeated stimuli is referred to as ______.
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A stimulus that elicits an automatic response without prior learning is called an ______.
A stimulus that elicits an automatic response without prior learning is called an ______.
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Stimulus ______ is the process by which conditioned stimuli similar to the original elicit a conditioned response.
Stimulus ______ is the process by which conditioned stimuli similar to the original elicit a conditioned response.
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Operant conditioning checks whether an animal can learn by manipulating its ______.
Operant conditioning checks whether an animal can learn by manipulating its ______.
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The sudden reemergence of an extinct conditioned response after a delay is called ______ recovery.
The sudden reemergence of an extinct conditioned response after a delay is called ______ recovery.
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Study Notes
Learning
- Learning is a change in an organism's behavior or thought as a result of experience.
- Habituation is responding less strongly to repeated stimuli.
Classical Conditioning
- Classical Conditioning (Pavlovian Conditioning): Learning occurs by associating a neutral stimulus (conditioned stimulus) with a stimulus that naturally elicits a response (unconditioned stimulus)
- Pavlov's Discovery of Classical Conditioning: Pavlov's research on dogs salivating when they saw food led to the understanding of classical conditioning.
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Pavlovian Conditioning Terms:
- Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): A stimulus that naturally elicits a response (e.g., food).
- Unconditioned Response (UCR): The automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus (e.g., salivation).
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS): Initially neutral stimulus that becomes associated with the UCS (e.g., a bell).
- Conditioned Response (CR): Learned response elicited by the CS (e.g., salivating to the bell).
Principles of Classical Conditioning
- Acquisition: The initial learning phase where the CR is established.
- Extinction: Reduction and eventual elimination of the CR when the CS is presented repeatedly without the UCS.
- Spontaneous Recovery: Sudden reappearance of an extinct CR after a delay.
- Renewal Effect: Sudden reemergence of a CR after extinction when in the environment where the CR was learned.
- Stimulus Generalization: Displaying a CR to stimuli similar to the original CS.
- Stimulus Discrimination: Displaying a less pronounced CR to stimuli different than the original CS.
- Higher-Order Conditioning: Developing a CR to a CS by associating it with another CS.
Applications of Classical Conditioning
- Advertising: Use of classical conditioning to elicit positive emotions towards a product.
- Acquisition of Fears and Phobias: Little Albert experiment demonstrated how classical conditioning can lead to phobias.
- Fetishes: A sexual attraction to nonliving things possibly developed through classical conditioning.
- Disgust Reactions: Classical conditioning plays a role in learned disgust responses.
Operant Conditioning
- Operant Conditioning: Learning is a result of consequences of behaviors.
- Thorndike's Law of Effect: Behaviors followed by rewards are more likely to be repeated.
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Operant Conditioning Terms:
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Reinforcement: A consequence that increases the probability of a behavior.
- Positive Reinforcement: Presentation of a pleasant stimulus that strengthens the behavior.
- Negative Reinforcement: Removal of an unpleasant stimulus that strengthens the behavior.
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Punishment: A consequence that decreases the probability of a behavior.
- Positive Punishment: Presentation of an unpleasant stimulus that weakens the behavior.
- Negative Punishment: Removal of a pleasant stimulus that weakens the behavior.
- Discriminative Stimulus: A stimulus that indicates reinforcement is available if a certain behavior is performed.
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Reinforcement: A consequence that increases the probability of a behavior.
Schedules of Reinforcement
- Continuous Reinforcement: Reinforcement after every occurrence of the behavior.
- Partial Reinforcement: Occasional reinforcement of the behavior.
- Fixed Ratio (FR) Schedule: Reinforcement after a fixed number of responses.
- Variable Ratio (VR) Schedule: Reinforcement after a variable number of responses on average.
- Fixed Interval (FI) Schedule: Reinforcement after a fixed time interval.
- Variable Interval (VI) Schedule: Reinforcement after a variable time interval on average.
Applications of Operant Conditioning
- Animal Training: Shaping and reinforcement techniques used for training animals.
- Overcoming Procrastination: Using reinforcement to motivate behaviors and reduce procrastination.
- Superstitions: Behaviors learned through accidental reinforcement can lead to superstitious beliefs.
Therapeutic Applications of Operant Conditioning
- Token Economy: Rewarding desired behavior with tokens that can be exchanged for privileges.
Putting Classical and Operant Conditioning Together
Classical and Operant Conditioning work together to shape complex behaviors.
Introduction to Learning
- Learning: change in an organism's behavior or thoughts due to experience.
- Habituation: gradual decrease in responsiveness to a repeated stimulus.
- Eric Kandel: renowned neuroscientist who conducted groundbreaking research on the cellular mechanisms of learning and memory.
Classical Conditioning: Learning by Association
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Classical conditioning (Pavlovian conditioning): learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus that automatically elicits a response, leading to the neutral stimulus also triggering that response.
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Key concepts:
- Unconditioned stimulus (UCS): stimulus automatically eliciting a response without prior learning.
- Unconditioned response (UCR): automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus.
- Conditioned stimulus (CS): initially neutral stimulus that, after pairing with the UCS, comes to elicit a learned response.
- Conditioned response (CR): learned response elicited by the conditioned stimulus.
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Principles of Classical Conditioning:
- Acquisition: learning phase where the conditioned response is established through repeated pairing of the CS and UCS.
- Extinction: gradual decrease in the conditioned response when the CS is presented repeatedly without the UCS.
- Spontaneous recovery: reappearance of the extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest.
- Renewal effect: sudden reappearance of the conditioned response in the original environment where it was first acquired.
- Stimulus generalization: conditioned response elicited by stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus.
- Stimulus discrimination: less pronounced conditioned response to stimuli that differ from the original conditioned stimulus.
- Higher-order conditioning: development of a conditioned response to a neutral stimulus by virtue of its association with another conditioned stimulus.
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Applications of Classical Conditioning:
- Advertising: associating products with positive emotions, using classical conditioning techniques.
- Acquisition of fears and phobias: development of irrational fears through classical conditioning, demonstrated by the Little Albert experiment.
- Fetishes: sexual attraction to nonliving objects, potentially developed through classical conditioning.
- Disgust reactions: conditioned aversions to specific food items, smells, etc.
Operant Conditioning: Learning by Consequence
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Operant conditioning: learning process where the consequences of an organism's behavior influence the likelihood of that behavior being repeated.
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Distinguish operant conditioning from classical conditioning:
- Operant conditioning: voluntary behavior, rewards contingent on behavior, skeletal muscles.
- Classical Conditioning: automatic behavior, unconditional rewards, autonomic nervous system.
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Thorndike's Law of Effect:
- Behavior followed by a reward is more likely to be repeated.
- Thorndike's puzzle box: an apparatus used to study animal learning.
- S-R Theory: stimulus-response theory emphasizing the association between stimuli and responses.
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B.F. Skinner and Reinforcement:
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Skinner Box: controlled environment for studying animal learning.
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Reinforcement: consequence strengthening the likelihood of a behavior.
- Positive reinforcement: presenting a stimulus to increase the likelihood of behavior.
- Negative reinforcement: removing a stimulus to increase the likelihood of behavior.
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Punishment: consequence weakening the likelihood of a behavior.
- Positive punishment: presenting a stimulus to decrease the likelihood of behavior. - Negative punishment: removing a stimulus to decrease the likelihood of behavior. -
Discriminative stimulus: signals the availability of reinforcement.
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Key Operant Conditioning Concepts from Classical conditioning:
- Extinction: gradual decrease in a learned behavior when reinforcement is withheld.
- Stimulus generalization: responding similarly to stimuli resembling the original discriminative stimulus.
- Stimulus discrimination: responding differently to stimuli distinct from the original discriminative stimulus.
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Schedules of Reinforcement:
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Continuous reinforcement: every occurrence of a behavior is reinforced, leading to rapid acquisition but faster extinction.
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Partial reinforcement: reinforcement occurs only intermittently, resulting in slower acquisition but greater resistance to extinction.
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Types of partial reinforcement schedules:
- Fixed ratio (FR): reinforcement after a fixed number of responses.
- Variable ratio (VR): reinforcement after a variable number of responses, on average.
- Fixed interval (FI): reinforcement after a fixed time interval.
- Variable interval (VI): reinforcement after a variable time interval, on average.
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Applications of Operant Conditioning:
- Animal training: shaping, a method of training involving rewarding successive approximations of the desired behavior.
- Overcoming procrastination: using reinforcement strategies to modify self-management and increase productivity.
- Superstitions: superstitious behaviors can develop through coincidental reinforcement.
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Therapeutic applications of Operant Conditioning:
- Token economy: behavioral therapy using tokens as rewards that can be exchanged for desirable items or privileges.
- Primary reinforcer: naturally rewarding item or outcome.
- Secondary reinforcer: neutral object associated with a primary reinforcer, gaining reinforcing properties.
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Combining Classical and Operant Conditioning:
- Classical conditioning can be used to establish a conditioned stimulus that then serves as a reinforcer in operant conditioning.
- Operant conditioning can be used to strengthen or weaken existing conditioned responses.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of classical conditioning, a key concept in learning psychology. This quiz covers essential terms and principles, including unconditioned and conditioned stimuli, as well as the concepts introduced by Pavlov's experiments with dogs. Test your understanding of how behaviors are learned through association.
