Classical Conditioning Basics
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Questions and Answers

What principle states that a behavior is more likely to occur if it is followed by a reward?

  • Punishment
  • Reinforcement
  • Insight
  • Law of effect (correct)

    • Negative reinforcement involves the presentation of a stimulus to strengthen a behavior.

    False

    What is the main purpose of a Skinner box?

    To allow sustained periods of conditioning and record animal behaviors.

    A ________ stimulus signals the presence of reinforcement in operant conditioning.

    <p>discriminative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following schedules of reinforcement to their definitions:

    <p>Continuous reinforcement = Reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs Fixed ratio schedule = Reinforcement follows a regular number of responses Variable interval schedule = Reinforcement at average time intervals Partial reinforcement = Occasional reinforcement of a behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reinforcement involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus?

    <p>Negative reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Superstitions can be understood through the principles of operant conditioning.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is 'shaping' in the context of operant conditioning?

    <p>Conditioning a target behavior by progressively reinforcing closer approximations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A ________ economy is used in behavior therapy to reinforce desired behaviors.

    <p>token</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of punishment in operant conditioning?

    <p>Positive and negative punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called where an organism responds less strongly over time to repeated stimuli?

    <p>Habituation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In operant conditioning, behavior is emitted voluntarily.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define an unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

    <p>A stimulus that elicits an automatic response without prior learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ is the sudden reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of time.

    <p>Spontaneous Recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes higher-order conditioning?

    <p>Developing a CR to a CS by virtue of its association with another CS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stimulus discrimination occurs when an organism responds more strongly to similar stimuli.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Thorndike’s law of effect?

    <p>The principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences are more likely to be repeated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In classical conditioning, the ________ response is learned through association with a neutral stimulus.

    <p>conditioned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms concerning classical conditioning with their definitions:

    <p>Unconditioned Stimulus = Stimulus that elicits an automatic response Conditioned Response = Learned response to a previously neutral stimulus Extinction = Elimination of a CR through repeated presentation of CS without UCS Acquisition = Learning phase during which a CR is established</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?

    <p>Negative reinforcement increases behavior, while punishment decreases behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The principle asserting that a stimulus followed by a behavior resulting in a reward increases the likelihood of that behavior in the future is known as the law of ______.

    <p>effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    B.F. Skinner's experimental tool for studying behavior was called the ______ box.

    <p>Skinner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In operant conditioning, the term ______ refers to an outcome that strengthens the likelihood of a behavior occurring again.

    <p>reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The removal of an unpleasant stimulus to strengthen a behavior is known as ______ reinforcement.

    <p>negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A ______ interval schedule provides reinforcement after a specified amount of time has passed.

    <p>fixed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A ______ economy in behavior therapy involves reinforcing desired behaviors with tokens.

    <p>token</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In operant conditioning, ______ refers to the weakening of behavior when followed by an unpleasant consequence.

    <p>punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presentation of a stimulus that weakens the likelihood of a behavior is called ______ punishment.

    <p>positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In operant conditioning, the ______ stimulus signals the availability of reinforcement.

    <p>discriminative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The gradual process of reinforcing behaviors that come closer to a target behavior is known as ______.

    <p>shaping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Learning is a change in an organism's behavior or thought as a result of ______.

    <p>experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In classical conditioning, an initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response is called a ______.

    <p>conditioned stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the conditioned response is known as ______.

    <p>extinction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thorndike's Law of Effect states that behaviors followed by ______ are more likely to be repeated.

    <p>rewards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In operant conditioning, the behavior produced by the animal to receive a reward is called ______.

    <p>operant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process by which an organism responds less strongly over time to repeated stimuli is referred to as ______.

    <p>habituation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A stimulus that elicits an automatic response without prior learning is called an ______.

    <p>unconditioned stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stimulus ______ is the process by which conditioned stimuli similar to the original elicit a conditioned response.

    <p>generalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Operant conditioning checks whether an animal can learn by manipulating its ______.

    <p>environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sudden reemergence of an extinct conditioned response after a delay is called ______ recovery.

    <p>spontaneous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Learning

    • Learning is a change in an organism's behavior or thought as a result of experience.
    • Habituation is responding less strongly to repeated stimuli.

    Classical Conditioning

    • Classical Conditioning (Pavlovian Conditioning): Learning occurs by associating a neutral stimulus (conditioned stimulus) with a stimulus that naturally elicits a response (unconditioned stimulus)
    • Pavlov's Discovery of Classical Conditioning: Pavlov's research on dogs salivating when they saw food led to the understanding of classical conditioning.
    • Pavlovian Conditioning Terms:
      • Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): A stimulus that naturally elicits a response (e.g., food).
      • Unconditioned Response (UCR): The automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus (e.g., salivation).
      • Conditioned Stimulus (CS): Initially neutral stimulus that becomes associated with the UCS (e.g., a bell).
      • Conditioned Response (CR): Learned response elicited by the CS (e.g., salivating to the bell).

    Principles of Classical Conditioning

    • Acquisition: The initial learning phase where the CR is established.
    • Extinction: Reduction and eventual elimination of the CR when the CS is presented repeatedly without the UCS.
    • Spontaneous Recovery: Sudden reappearance of an extinct CR after a delay.
    • Renewal Effect: Sudden reemergence of a CR after extinction when in the environment where the CR was learned.
    • Stimulus Generalization: Displaying a CR to stimuli similar to the original CS.
    • Stimulus Discrimination: Displaying a less pronounced CR to stimuli different than the original CS.
    • Higher-Order Conditioning: Developing a CR to a CS by associating it with another CS.

    Applications of Classical Conditioning

    • Advertising: Use of classical conditioning to elicit positive emotions towards a product.
    • Acquisition of Fears and Phobias: Little Albert experiment demonstrated how classical conditioning can lead to phobias.
    • Fetishes: A sexual attraction to nonliving things possibly developed through classical conditioning.
    • Disgust Reactions: Classical conditioning plays a role in learned disgust responses.

    Operant Conditioning

    • Operant Conditioning: Learning is a result of consequences of behaviors.
    • Thorndike's Law of Effect: Behaviors followed by rewards are more likely to be repeated.
    • Operant Conditioning Terms:
      • Reinforcement: A consequence that increases the probability of a behavior.
        • Positive Reinforcement: Presentation of a pleasant stimulus that strengthens the behavior.
        • Negative Reinforcement: Removal of an unpleasant stimulus that strengthens the behavior.
      • Punishment: A consequence that decreases the probability of a behavior.
        • Positive Punishment: Presentation of an unpleasant stimulus that weakens the behavior.
        • Negative Punishment: Removal of a pleasant stimulus that weakens the behavior.
      • Discriminative Stimulus: A stimulus that indicates reinforcement is available if a certain behavior is performed.

    Schedules of Reinforcement

    • Continuous Reinforcement: Reinforcement after every occurrence of the behavior.
    • Partial Reinforcement: Occasional reinforcement of the behavior.
    • Fixed Ratio (FR) Schedule: Reinforcement after a fixed number of responses.
    • Variable Ratio (VR) Schedule: Reinforcement after a variable number of responses on average.
    • Fixed Interval (FI) Schedule: Reinforcement after a fixed time interval.
    • Variable Interval (VI) Schedule: Reinforcement after a variable time interval on average.

    Applications of Operant Conditioning

    • Animal Training: Shaping and reinforcement techniques used for training animals.
    • Overcoming Procrastination: Using reinforcement to motivate behaviors and reduce procrastination.
    • Superstitions: Behaviors learned through accidental reinforcement can lead to superstitious beliefs.

    Therapeutic Applications of Operant Conditioning

    • Token Economy: Rewarding desired behavior with tokens that can be exchanged for privileges.

    Putting Classical and Operant Conditioning Together

    Classical and Operant Conditioning work together to shape complex behaviors.

    Introduction to Learning

    • Learning: change in an organism's behavior or thoughts due to experience.
    • Habituation: gradual decrease in responsiveness to a repeated stimulus.
    • Eric Kandel: renowned neuroscientist who conducted groundbreaking research on the cellular mechanisms of learning and memory.

    Classical Conditioning: Learning by Association

    • Classical conditioning (Pavlovian conditioning): learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus that automatically elicits a response, leading to the neutral stimulus also triggering that response.

    • Key concepts:

      • Unconditioned stimulus (UCS): stimulus automatically eliciting a response without prior learning.
      • Unconditioned response (UCR): automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus.
      • Conditioned stimulus (CS): initially neutral stimulus that, after pairing with the UCS, comes to elicit a learned response.
      • Conditioned response (CR): learned response elicited by the conditioned stimulus.

    • Principles of Classical Conditioning:

      • Acquisition: learning phase where the conditioned response is established through repeated pairing of the CS and UCS.
      • Extinction: gradual decrease in the conditioned response when the CS is presented repeatedly without the UCS.
      • Spontaneous recovery: reappearance of the extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest.
      • Renewal effect: sudden reappearance of the conditioned response in the original environment where it was first acquired.
      • Stimulus generalization: conditioned response elicited by stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus.
      • Stimulus discrimination: less pronounced conditioned response to stimuli that differ from the original conditioned stimulus.
      • Higher-order conditioning: development of a conditioned response to a neutral stimulus by virtue of its association with another conditioned stimulus.

    • Applications of Classical Conditioning:

      • Advertising: associating products with positive emotions, using classical conditioning techniques.
      • Acquisition of fears and phobias: development of irrational fears through classical conditioning, demonstrated by the Little Albert experiment.
      • Fetishes: sexual attraction to nonliving objects, potentially developed through classical conditioning.
      • Disgust reactions: conditioned aversions to specific food items, smells, etc.

    Operant Conditioning: Learning by Consequence

    • Operant conditioning: learning process where the consequences of an organism's behavior influence the likelihood of that behavior being repeated.

    • Distinguish operant conditioning from classical conditioning:

      • Operant conditioning: voluntary behavior, rewards contingent on behavior, skeletal muscles.
      • Classical Conditioning: automatic behavior, unconditional rewards, autonomic nervous system.

    • Thorndike's Law of Effect:

      • Behavior followed by a reward is more likely to be repeated.
      • Thorndike's puzzle box: an apparatus used to study animal learning.
      • S-R Theory: stimulus-response theory emphasizing the association between stimuli and responses.

    • B.F. Skinner and Reinforcement:

      • Skinner Box: controlled environment for studying animal learning.

      • Reinforcement: consequence strengthening the likelihood of a behavior.

        • Positive reinforcement: presenting a stimulus to increase the likelihood of behavior.
        • Negative reinforcement: removing a stimulus to increase the likelihood of behavior.

    • Punishment: consequence weakening the likelihood of a behavior.

        - Positive punishment: presenting a stimulus to decrease the likelihood of behavior.
  - Negative punishment: removing a stimulus to decrease the likelihood of behavior.

    • Discriminative stimulus: signals the availability of reinforcement.

    • Key Operant Conditioning Concepts from Classical conditioning:

      • Extinction: gradual decrease in a learned behavior when reinforcement is withheld.
      • Stimulus generalization: responding similarly to stimuli resembling the original discriminative stimulus.
      • Stimulus discrimination: responding differently to stimuli distinct from the original discriminative stimulus.

    • Schedules of Reinforcement:

      • Continuous reinforcement: every occurrence of a behavior is reinforced, leading to rapid acquisition but faster extinction.

      • Partial reinforcement: reinforcement occurs only intermittently, resulting in slower acquisition but greater resistance to extinction.

      • Types of partial reinforcement schedules:

        • Fixed ratio (FR): reinforcement after a fixed number of responses.
        • Variable ratio (VR): reinforcement after a variable number of responses, on average.
        • Fixed interval (FI): reinforcement after a fixed time interval.
        • Variable interval (VI): reinforcement after a variable time interval, on average.

    • Applications of Operant Conditioning:

      • Animal training: shaping, a method of training involving rewarding successive approximations of the desired behavior.
      • Overcoming procrastination: using reinforcement strategies to modify self-management and increase productivity.
      • Superstitions: superstitious behaviors can develop through coincidental reinforcement.

    • Therapeutic applications of Operant Conditioning:

      • Token economy: behavioral therapy using tokens as rewards that can be exchanged for desirable items or privileges.
      • Primary reinforcer: naturally rewarding item or outcome.
      • Secondary reinforcer: neutral object associated with a primary reinforcer, gaining reinforcing properties.

    • Combining Classical and Operant Conditioning:

      • Classical conditioning can be used to establish a conditioned stimulus that then serves as a reinforcer in operant conditioning.
      • Operant conditioning can be used to strengthen or weaken existing conditioned responses.

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    Description

    Explore the fundamentals of classical conditioning, a key concept in learning psychology. This quiz covers essential terms and principles, including unconditioned and conditioned stimuli, as well as the concepts introduced by Pavlov's experiments with dogs. Test your understanding of how behaviors are learned through association.

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