14 Questions
Classical conditioning, also known as ______ or respondent conditioning, is a form of learning through association.
Pavlovian
the second stage of classical conditioning is called _____?
Acquisition
What is the third stage of classical conditioning ____?
Extinction
What is the fourth stage of classical conditioning____?
Spontaneous recovery
what is the fifth stage of classical conditioning____?
Generalisation
What is the sixth stage of classical conditioning____?
Discrimination
What is the two first things needed to develop classical conditioning?
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and unconditioned response (UCR).
What is the third thing added to develop classical conditioning ?
Neutral stimulus (NS).
What do you pair with (UCS) and (UCR) in classical conditioning?
Neutral stimulus (NS).
After the conditioning stage, the neutral stimulus is now conditioned with what?
The condtioned response.
The Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) = The UCS involuntarily elicits the unconditioned response. Simply presenting this stimulus will result in the UCR occurring. The Unconditioned Response (UCR) = The UCR is an innate or unlearned response to the UCS. • The UCR is usually reflexive & a response of the autonomic nervous system. The Conditioned Stimulus (CS) = The CS starts as a "neutral" event (NS) that does not elicit the UCR. • The CS is then paired with the UCS during the experiment. The Conditioned Response (CR) = The CR is a learnt response to the CS, which occurs as a result of the UCS and CS being paired. • It resembles the UCR but often is not identical.
Reinforcement: = Temporal or spatial pairing of the 2 stimuli (CS & UCS). Acquisition: = "Initial stage of learning something" (Weiten, 2007, p.220). • Usually several pairings of the CS and UCS are needed before the CR is fully developed. • The first series of CS-UCS pairings, and gradual appearance and strengthening of the CR occurs during the acquisition phase of the experiment. • Proceeds more quickly if the intensity of the UCS increases (i.e., a louder bell or tone; a stronger puff of air) Extinction: = This procedure produces a reduction and eventual disappearance of the CR. • It involves repeatedly presenting the CS without the UCS (Weiten, 2007, p.220). Spontaneous Recovery: = The "reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure" to the CS (Weiten, 2007, pp.221-222). • That is, conditioned responses have reappeared. • Extinction does not simply "erase" the previous learning, or permanently “destroy" the CS—UCS pairing.
Unlike classical conditioning, which tends to focus on____or involuntary behaviours (largely controlled by stimuli that ____or come before the response), there is another type of conditioning, which focuses on voluntary or ____behaviours. The organism ‘operates’ on the environment and does not just react to stimuli.
Reflexive, precede, non-reflexive
The first stage of classical conditioning is called ____?
Reinforcement.
Study Notes
Classical Conditioning
Introduction
Classical conditioning, also known as Pavlovian or respondent conditioning, is a form of learning through association. Proposed by John Watson based on Ivan Pavlov's observations, classical conditioning involves linking two stimuli together to produce a new learned response in a person or animal.
Three Stages of Classical Conditioning
The process of classical conditioning consists of three stages:
Stage 1: Before Conditioning
In this stage, an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) produces an unconditioned response (UCR) in an organism. No new behavior has been learned yet.
Stage 2: During Conditioning
A stimulus that produces no response (neutral stimulus, NS) is associated with the UCS, becoming a conditioned stimulus (CS). For classical conditioning to be effective, the conditioned stimulus should occur before the unconditioned stimulus, not during or after.
Stage 3: After Conditioning
After repeated pairings of the UCS and CS, a conditioned response (CR) similar to the original UCR emerges.
Pavlov's Experiments with Dogs
One of the most famous examples of classical conditioning is Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs, who salivated in response to a bell tone. By pairing the sound of the bell with the presentation of food, the dogs learned to associate the bell with feeding time, leading them to salivate just at the sound of the bell.
The Roles of Extinction, Generalization, and Discrimination
Extinction occurs when the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS, and the CR eventually disappears. Generalization refers to the spreading of the CR from one stimulus to related stimuli, while discrimination is the ability to differentiate between the original CS and other similar stimuli.
Classical Conditioning Today
Classical conditioning continues to be relevant in various fields, including psychology, education, and marketing. For instance, Pavlov's principle can help explain why we often crave certain foods after seeing their advertisements, as exposure to the advertisement becomes associated with the pleasant sensation of consuming the food.
Explore the principles of classical conditioning through Pavlov's experiments with dogs, the three stages of classical conditioning, and the roles of extinction, generalization, and discrimination. Learn how classical conditioning impacts behavior in various fields today.
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