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Questions and Answers
What action did Henry VIII take to gain control over Church property?
What action did Henry VIII take to gain control over Church property?
Which monarch reversed the Reformation during her reign?
Which monarch reversed the Reformation during her reign?
What significant change did Edward VI's government implement?
What significant change did Edward VI's government implement?
How did Elizabeth I impact the position of Protestantism in England?
How did Elizabeth I impact the position of Protestantism in England?
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What was a key outcome of the marriage between Mary I and Philip II of Spain?
What was a key outcome of the marriage between Mary I and Philip II of Spain?
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Which monarch's death led to a significant shift in the religious landscape of England?
Which monarch's death led to a significant shift in the religious landscape of England?
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What characterized the relationship between church and state during the Reformation in England?
What characterized the relationship between church and state during the Reformation in England?
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What was one of the consequences of the Protestant Reformation in the mid-fifteenth century?
What was one of the consequences of the Protestant Reformation in the mid-fifteenth century?
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What was the primary reason for the initial pairing of individuals in human communities?
What was the primary reason for the initial pairing of individuals in human communities?
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What structure emerged from the combination of multiple households?
What structure emerged from the combination of multiple households?
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Which development marked a significant change in settled agrarian societies?
Which development marked a significant change in settled agrarian societies?
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How did access to territory affect human societies during the agrarian period?
How did access to territory affect human societies during the agrarian period?
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Which monarch began the shift towards the English Reformation?
Which monarch began the shift towards the English Reformation?
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What was the role of the Pope in relation to Henry VIII before the Reformation?
What was the role of the Pope in relation to Henry VIII before the Reformation?
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What legislative change was made in 1532 under Henry VIII's rule?
What legislative change was made in 1532 under Henry VIII's rule?
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How did the English Reformation compare to other European reformations at its onset?
How did the English Reformation compare to other European reformations at its onset?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the political landscape around 1800?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the political landscape around 1800?
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What was a common characteristic of mercantilist empires during the colonial period?
What was a common characteristic of mercantilist empires during the colonial period?
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Which empire covered large parts of north Africa and Asia Minor during the age of mercantilism?
Which empire covered large parts of north Africa and Asia Minor during the age of mercantilism?
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What significant change in governance attitudes occurred in the late eighteenth century?
What significant change in governance attitudes occurred in the late eighteenth century?
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Which of the following empires had a significant presence in both northern Asia and Europe?
Which of the following empires had a significant presence in both northern Asia and Europe?
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What was the outcome of the struggle against British rule in North America?
What was the outcome of the struggle against British rule in North America?
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Which element characterized the relationship between European empires and indigenous peoples during the age of mercantilism?
Which element characterized the relationship between European empires and indigenous peoples during the age of mercantilism?
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What aspect of the Chinese Empire is noted in the context of the age of mercantilism?
What aspect of the Chinese Empire is noted in the context of the age of mercantilism?
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What major event in North America established the United States as an independent entity?
What major event in North America established the United States as an independent entity?
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Which revolution began in Europe in 1789 and led to significant changes in the political landscape?
Which revolution began in Europe in 1789 and led to significant changes in the political landscape?
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What was a common goal of the revolutionary movements mentioned in the content?
What was a common goal of the revolutionary movements mentioned in the content?
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Which country started withdrawing from the Americas first after the American Revolution?
Which country started withdrawing from the Americas first after the American Revolution?
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After which event did Mexico become a republic?
After which event did Mexico become a republic?
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What happened to the newly established republics in the Americas as time progressed?
What happened to the newly established republics in the Americas as time progressed?
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Which state became part of the USA in 1845 after a brief war for independence from Mexico?
Which state became part of the USA in 1845 after a brief war for independence from Mexico?
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By the turn of the twentieth century, how many independent republican states governed Central and South America?
By the turn of the twentieth century, how many independent republican states governed Central and South America?
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What was one of the main reasons for the state-building in the Americas during the period discussed?
What was one of the main reasons for the state-building in the Americas during the period discussed?
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Which doctrine committed the USA to provide naval protection against threats to the independence of newly founded republics?
Which doctrine committed the USA to provide naval protection against threats to the independence of newly founded republics?
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What was the primary result of the Congress of Vienna regarding republicanism in Europe?
What was the primary result of the Congress of Vienna regarding republicanism in Europe?
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How did Canadian governance differ from the newly established republics in the Americas?
How did Canadian governance differ from the newly established republics in the Americas?
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What notable political change occurred in Great Britain and Ireland during the early 19th century?
What notable political change occurred in Great Britain and Ireland during the early 19th century?
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Which of the following was a consequence of the Congress of Vienna?
Which of the following was a consequence of the Congress of Vienna?
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Which region was notably untouched by the republican tide during this period?
Which region was notably untouched by the republican tide during this period?
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What was the attitude of the Congress of Vienna's participants towards the French Revolution?
What was the attitude of the Congress of Vienna's participants towards the French Revolution?
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What was a major outcome of the Monroe Doctrine regarding the newly founded republics in the Americas?
What was a major outcome of the Monroe Doctrine regarding the newly founded republics in the Americas?
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What was one of the primary actions taken by the Congress of Vienna?
What was one of the primary actions taken by the Congress of Vienna?
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Which region in Europe saw a quicker establishment of republics compared to others?
Which region in Europe saw a quicker establishment of republics compared to others?
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Which major countries participated in the Congress of Vienna?
Which major countries participated in the Congress of Vienna?
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What notable political development occurred in Great Britain and Ireland during the early 19th century?
What notable political development occurred in Great Britain and Ireland during the early 19th century?
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What was the ironic situation regarding Canada in the context of the republican movements?
What was the ironic situation regarding Canada in the context of the republican movements?
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What was the effect of the resolutions from the Congress of Vienna on Europe's political landscape?
What was the effect of the resolutions from the Congress of Vienna on Europe's political landscape?
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What was a notable characteristic of the political changes in Europe by the mid-19th century?
What was a notable characteristic of the political changes in Europe by the mid-19th century?
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In what way did the Congress of Vienna respond to the nationalist aspirations following the Napoleonic Wars?
In what way did the Congress of Vienna respond to the nationalist aspirations following the Napoleonic Wars?
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Study Notes
Civil Power and the State
- Civil power is the aggregate of natural rights lacking individual power and purpose, but become effective when united.
- Thomas Paine described this in "The Rights of Man" (1791).
The Concept of the State
- States are fundamental to political geography, explaining political power distribution.
- Relevance of states is questioned in the presence of global institutions.
- States remain crucial for understanding economic and social political dynamics.
- Natural rights require collective civil authority to be realized (Thomas Paine).
- State identity, previously centered on monarchs, evolved due to capitalism, urbanization, and popular demand for more government participation.
- The role of the state (originally the city-state) was first articulated by Aristotle in ancient Greece (third century BC)
Aristotle's City-State
- Aristotle developed a theory of the city-state in approximately 350 BC, based on his experience in Athens.
- He argued that humans need government, leading naturally to a city-state.
- The city-state naturally emerged from increasingly complex social structures:
- Pairs for reproduction
- Households for domestic and economic roles.
- Villages from groups of households.
- Aristotle saw the city-state as the ideal for a good life due to its self-sufficiency.
Agrarian Societies and the State
- Settled agrarian societies developed institutional organization to sustain social order.
- Defined territories became essential for agricultural production and marketing.
- Literacy and educated elites arose for managing social and economic relations.
- Territory control became a source of conflict and conquest.
- Most agrarian societies were self-sufficient but often part of a larger entity, like the Roman Catholic Church.
- This variety in agrarian state structures presented a dichotomy between smaller, self-governing units and empires with concentrated power.
- Many regions today retain this structure, with local governance existing alongside a distant central authority.
The Modern State
- Modern states are a product of the post-feudal era, taking on socialisation responsibilities from the Reformation.
- This change began in 15th century Europe with the Reformation, shifting power away from the unified, monolithic Roman Catholic Church.
- The rise of capitalism and industrialisation in the 18th century further increased state involvement in economic organization.
- States developed increasingly sophisticated division of labor and communications to support national economic viability.
- There was a growing separation between economic and political spheres, with industry attempting to influence politics.
- States were also responsible for managing internal and external economic concerns.
The English Reformation
- The Protestant Reformation gradually gained influence in England (though at first King Henry VIII was a defender of Catholicism), and ultimately saw a break from Rome in the 1530s with legislation limiting papal influence.
- Henry VIII's divorce was a key catalyst.
- Church and state were combined into unified entities, with the monarch leading both.
- The Reformation led to the establishment of a national church, under control and leadership of the monarch, in England.
Rise of Nationalism
- Nationalism is a binding political force with Old Testament origins.
- National identity became strongly tied to states in the modern world; people defined as citizens within a state.
- Nation-states saw government become highly involved in civil society
- Nationalism was initially viewed as a cause of positive integration, but later became a cause of conflict and territorial ambition (especially amongst European states).
Limits of the State
- The state as an entity controlling every aspect of life was an illusion.
- Political and economic sectors could not be effectively separated; the economic sphere wielded influence in politics.
- Governments were interested in ensuring economic efficiency in the face of global competition.
- States' limitations were shown by the conflicts of the 20th century and the lack of a stable international order.
Globalization and Information Technology
- Globalisation and the limitations of state control are not new phenomena.
- States were traditionally interested in downplaying existing tension between their control and global influence.
- States have limited control over economic and political destiny in a globalized world.
- The rise of IT and global communication has weakened traditional state controls to influence the global population.
The Spread of States
- The world map at the start of the 21st century features 180 independent states, with substantial diversity in area and population.
- The majority of modern states are a relatively recent development.
- States' importance was heightened by a complex entanglement of competing mercantilist empires.
- Political boundaries across the world were fluid and subject to major change, often leading to conflict.
- The world began to see the establishment of newly independent states.
Types of States
- Three broad categories for state governance: monarchies, colonial dependencies, and republics.
- Monarchies consist of dynasties with right to rule.
- Colonial dependencies are territories governed by an external power.
- Republics are governed by a people and through the people.
- Distribution of these categories changed significantly in the past century.
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Description
Explore the concepts of civil power and the state, as described by thinkers like Thomas Paine and Aristotle. This quiz delves into the evolution of political geography and the significance of states in contemporary society. Understand how collective civil authority shapes natural rights and the dynamics of governance.
