Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Quiz

Circulatory and Respiratory Systems

Circulatory System:

• Functions include distributing nutrients, transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide, removing waste materials, body defense, preventing excessive bleeding, regulating body temperature, and taking excess fluid from interstitial fluid to the blood.
• Components include the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system.
• The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels.
• Blood is a fluid connective tissue consisting of plasma and formed elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets).
• Red blood cells transport oxygen and some carbon dioxide, white blood cells defend the body against pathogens, and platelets have a role in blood clotting.
• Blood vessels are tubes of different diameters that transport blood to or away from the heart.
• Arteries have a thick muscular wall and carry oxygenated blood to body tissues, except pulmonary arteries.
• Capillaries are branches of arterioles that permit the exchange of materials between blood and body cells.
• Veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart and have pressure-sensitive valves that prevent backward flow.
• The heart is a cone-shaped muscular pump organ that consists of four chambers separated from each other by septa.
• The heart valves are one-way valves that prevent backflow of blood.
• The cardiovascular system consists of two circuits: pulmonary and systemic.

Respiratory System:

• Respiration is a physiological process by which animals obtain oxygen and get rid of waste carbon dioxide by diffusion mechanism across a moist respiratory surface.

• The main function of the respiratory system is gas exchange, which is necessary for animals to make ATP mainly by aerobic respiration.

• The human respiratory system includes air passages, nostrils and mouth, pharynx and larynx, glottis, epiglottis, vocal cords, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli, breathing mechanisms, exchange of gases, respiratory membrane, and gas exchange.Overview of the Human Respiratory System

• The respiratory system performs several functions, including drawing air into and out of the lungs for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, vocalization, and detecting odors through the olfactory membrane.

• It also helps regulate body temperature and maintain pH balance, playing a role in homeostasis.

• Respiration involves breathing (ventilation), external pulmonary respiration, internal respiration, and cellular respiration.

• The respiratory airways include nostrils, nasal cavity, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.

• Air passing through the respiratory system is filtered, warmed, and moistened.

• The nasal cavity warms the air, mucus-producing cells secrete mucus to clean air from dust and debris, and the olfactory lining detects odors.

• The pharynx is a common passage for food and air, and the larynx contains vocal cords that produce sounds.

• The trachea extends from the larynx and branches into two bronchi, which further branch into bronchioles.

• The functional units of the lungs are the alveoli, which exchange gases with blood flowing through pulmonary capillaries.

• Gas exchange occurs through the respiratory membrane, which must be thin, moist, and have a large surface area.

• The respiratory cycle consists of inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation), where air is drawn into and pushed out of the lungs.

• Oxygen is transported in the blood by binding to hemoglobin, while carbon dioxide is transported in three mechanisms: dissolved in blood plasma, bound with hemoglobin, and as bicarbonate ions.

Circulatory and Respiratory Systems

Circulatory System:

• Functions include distributing nutrients, transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide, removing waste materials, body defense, preventing excessive bleeding, regulating body temperature, and taking excess fluid from interstitial fluid to the blood.
• Components include the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system.
• The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels.
• Blood is a fluid connective tissue consisting of plasma and formed elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets).
• Red blood cells transport oxygen and some carbon dioxide, white blood cells defend the body against pathogens, and platelets have a role in blood clotting.
• Blood vessels are tubes of different diameters that transport blood to or away from the heart.
• Arteries have a thick muscular wall and carry oxygenated blood to body tissues, except pulmonary arteries.
• Capillaries are branches of arterioles that permit the exchange of materials between blood and body cells.
• Veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart and have pressure-sensitive valves that prevent backward flow.
• The heart is a cone-shaped muscular pump organ that consists of four chambers separated from each other by septa.
• The heart valves are one-way valves that prevent backflow of blood.
• The cardiovascular system consists of two circuits: pulmonary and systemic.

Respiratory System:

• Respiration is a physiological process by which animals obtain oxygen and get rid of waste carbon dioxide by diffusion mechanism across a moist respiratory surface.

• The main function of the respiratory system is gas exchange, which is necessary for animals to make ATP mainly by aerobic respiration.

• The human respiratory system includes air passages, nostrils and mouth, pharynx and larynx, glottis, epiglottis, vocal cords, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli, breathing mechanisms, exchange of gases, respiratory membrane, and gas exchange.Overview of the Human Respiratory System

• The respiratory system performs several functions, including drawing air into and out of the lungs for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, vocalization, and detecting odors through the olfactory membrane.

• It also helps regulate body temperature and maintain pH balance, playing a role in homeostasis.

• Respiration involves breathing (ventilation), external pulmonary respiration, internal respiration, and cellular respiration.

• The respiratory airways include nostrils, nasal cavity, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.

• Air passing through the respiratory system is filtered, warmed, and moistened.

• The nasal cavity warms the air, mucus-producing cells secrete mucus to clean air from dust and debris, and the olfactory lining detects odors.

• The pharynx is a common passage for food and air, and the larynx contains vocal cords that produce sounds.

• The trachea extends from the larynx and branches into two bronchi, which further branch into bronchioles.

• The functional units of the lungs are the alveoli, which exchange gases with blood flowing through pulmonary capillaries.

• Gas exchange occurs through the respiratory membrane, which must be thin, moist, and have a large surface area.

• The respiratory cycle consists of inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation), where air is drawn into and pushed out of the lungs.

• Oxygen is transported in the blood by binding to hemoglobin, while carbon dioxide is transported in three mechanisms: dissolved in blood plasma, bound with hemoglobin, and as bicarbonate ions.

Circulatory and Respiratory Systems

Circulatory System:

• Functions include distributing nutrients, transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide, removing waste materials, body defense, preventing excessive bleeding, regulating body temperature, and taking excess fluid from interstitial fluid to the blood.
• Components include the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system.
• The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels.
• Blood is a fluid connective tissue consisting of plasma and formed elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets).
• Red blood cells transport oxygen and some carbon dioxide, white blood cells defend the body against pathogens, and platelets have a role in blood clotting.
• Blood vessels are tubes of different diameters that transport blood to or away from the heart.
• Arteries have a thick muscular wall and carry oxygenated blood to body tissues, except pulmonary arteries.
• Capillaries are branches of arterioles that permit the exchange of materials between blood and body cells.
• Veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart and have pressure-sensitive valves that prevent backward flow.
• The heart is a cone-shaped muscular pump organ that consists of four chambers separated from each other by septa.
• The heart valves are one-way valves that prevent backflow of blood.
• The cardiovascular system consists of two circuits: pulmonary and systemic.

Respiratory System:

• Respiration is a physiological process by which animals obtain oxygen and get rid of waste carbon dioxide by diffusion mechanism across a moist respiratory surface.

• The main function of the respiratory system is gas exchange, which is necessary for animals to make ATP mainly by aerobic respiration.

• The human respiratory system includes air passages, nostrils and mouth, pharynx and larynx, glottis, epiglottis, vocal cords, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli, breathing mechanisms, exchange of gases, respiratory membrane, and gas exchange.Overview of the Human Respiratory System

• The respiratory system performs several functions, including drawing air into and out of the lungs for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, vocalization, and detecting odors through the olfactory membrane.

• It also helps regulate body temperature and maintain pH balance, playing a role in homeostasis.

• Respiration involves breathing (ventilation), external pulmonary respiration, internal respiration, and cellular respiration.

• The respiratory airways include nostrils, nasal cavity, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.

• Air passing through the respiratory system is filtered, warmed, and moistened.

• The nasal cavity warms the air, mucus-producing cells secrete mucus to clean air from dust and debris, and the olfactory lining detects odors.

• The pharynx is a common passage for food and air, and the larynx contains vocal cords that produce sounds.

• The trachea extends from the larynx and branches into two bronchi, which further branch into bronchioles.

• The functional units of the lungs are the alveoli, which exchange gases with blood flowing through pulmonary capillaries.

• Gas exchange occurs through the respiratory membrane, which must be thin, moist, and have a large surface area.

• The respiratory cycle consists of inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation), where air is drawn into and pushed out of the lungs.

• Oxygen is transported in the blood by binding to hemoglobin, while carbon dioxide is transported in three mechanisms: dissolved in blood plasma, bound with hemoglobin, and as bicarbonate ions.

Circulatory and Respiratory Systems

Circulatory System:

• Functions include distributing nutrients, transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide, removing waste materials, body defense, preventing excessive bleeding, regulating body temperature, and taking excess fluid from interstitial fluid to the blood.
• Components include the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system.
• The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels.
• Blood is a fluid connective tissue consisting of plasma and formed elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets).
• Red blood cells transport oxygen and some carbon dioxide, white blood cells defend the body against pathogens, and platelets have a role in blood clotting.
• Blood vessels are tubes of different diameters that transport blood to or away from the heart.
• Arteries have a thick muscular wall and carry oxygenated blood to body tissues, except pulmonary arteries.
• Capillaries are branches of arterioles that permit the exchange of materials between blood and body cells.
• Veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart and have pressure-sensitive valves that prevent backward flow.
• The heart is a cone-shaped muscular pump organ that consists of four chambers separated from each other by septa.
• The heart valves are one-way valves that prevent backflow of blood.
• The cardiovascular system consists of two circuits: pulmonary and systemic.

Respiratory System:

• Respiration is a physiological process by which animals obtain oxygen and get rid of waste carbon dioxide by diffusion mechanism across a moist respiratory surface.

• The main function of the respiratory system is gas exchange, which is necessary for animals to make ATP mainly by aerobic respiration.

• The human respiratory system includes air passages, nostrils and mouth, pharynx and larynx, glottis, epiglottis, vocal cords, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli, breathing mechanisms, exchange of gases, respiratory membrane, and gas exchange.Overview of the Human Respiratory System

• The respiratory system performs several functions, including drawing air into and out of the lungs for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, vocalization, and detecting odors through the olfactory membrane.

• It also helps regulate body temperature and maintain pH balance, playing a role in homeostasis.

• Respiration involves breathing (ventilation), external pulmonary respiration, internal respiration, and cellular respiration.

• The respiratory airways include nostrils, nasal cavity, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.

• Air passing through the respiratory system is filtered, warmed, and moistened.

• The nasal cavity warms the air, mucus-producing cells secrete mucus to clean air from dust and debris, and the olfactory lining detects odors.

• The pharynx is a common passage for food and air, and the larynx contains vocal cords that produce sounds.

• The trachea extends from the larynx and branches into two bronchi, which further branch into bronchioles.

• The functional units of the lungs are the alveoli, which exchange gases with blood flowing through pulmonary capillaries.

• Gas exchange occurs through the respiratory membrane, which must be thin, moist, and have a large surface area.

• The respiratory cycle consists of inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation), where air is drawn into and pushed out of the lungs.

• Oxygen is transported in the blood by binding to hemoglobin, while carbon dioxide is transported in three mechanisms: dissolved in blood plasma, bound with hemoglobin, and as bicarbonate ions.

Circulatory and Respiratory Systems

Circulatory System:

• Functions include distributing nutrients, transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide, removing waste materials, body defense, preventing excessive bleeding, regulating body temperature, and taking excess fluid from interstitial fluid to the blood.
• Components include the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system.
• The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels.
• Blood is a fluid connective tissue consisting of plasma and formed elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets).
• Red blood cells transport oxygen and some carbon dioxide, white blood cells defend the body against pathogens, and platelets have a role in blood clotting.
• Blood vessels are tubes of different diameters that transport blood to or away from the heart.
• Arteries have a thick muscular wall and carry oxygenated blood to body tissues, except pulmonary arteries.
• Capillaries are branches of arterioles that permit the exchange of materials between blood and body cells.
• Veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart and have pressure-sensitive valves that prevent backward flow.
• The heart is a cone-shaped muscular pump organ that consists of four chambers separated from each other by septa.
• The heart valves are one-way valves that prevent backflow of blood.
• The cardiovascular system consists of two circuits: pulmonary and systemic.

Respiratory System:

• Respiration is a physiological process by which animals obtain oxygen and get rid of waste carbon dioxide by diffusion mechanism across a moist respiratory surface.

• The main function of the respiratory system is gas exchange, which is necessary for animals to make ATP mainly by aerobic respiration.

• The human respiratory system includes air passages, nostrils and mouth, pharynx and larynx, glottis, epiglottis, vocal cords, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli, breathing mechanisms, exchange of gases, respiratory membrane, and gas exchange.Overview of the Human Respiratory System

• The respiratory system performs several functions, including drawing air into and out of the lungs for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, vocalization, and detecting odors through the olfactory membrane.

• It also helps regulate body temperature and maintain pH balance, playing a role in homeostasis.

• Respiration involves breathing (ventilation), external pulmonary respiration, internal respiration, and cellular respiration.

• The respiratory airways include nostrils, nasal cavity, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.

• Air passing through the respiratory system is filtered, warmed, and moistened.

• The nasal cavity warms the air, mucus-producing cells secrete mucus to clean air from dust and debris, and the olfactory lining detects odors.

• The pharynx is a common passage for food and air, and the larynx contains vocal cords that produce sounds.

• The trachea extends from the larynx and branches into two bronchi, which further branch into bronchioles.

• The functional units of the lungs are the alveoli, which exchange gases with blood flowing through pulmonary capillaries.

• Gas exchange occurs through the respiratory membrane, which must be thin, moist, and have a large surface area.

• The respiratory cycle consists of inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation), where air is drawn into and pushed out of the lungs.

• Oxygen is transported in the blood by binding to hemoglobin, while carbon dioxide is transported in three mechanisms: dissolved in blood plasma, bound with hemoglobin, and as bicarbonate ions.

Circulatory and Respiratory Systems

Circulatory System:

• Functions include distributing nutrients, transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide, removing waste materials, body defense, preventing excessive bleeding, regulating body temperature, and taking excess fluid from interstitial fluid to the blood.
• Components include the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system.
• The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels.
• Blood is a fluid connective tissue consisting of plasma and formed elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets).
• Red blood cells transport oxygen and some carbon dioxide, white blood cells defend the body against pathogens, and platelets have a role in blood clotting.
• Blood vessels are tubes of different diameters that transport blood to or away from the heart.
• Arteries have a thick muscular wall and carry oxygenated blood to body tissues, except pulmonary arteries.
• Capillaries are branches of arterioles that permit the exchange of materials between blood and body cells.
• Veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart and have pressure-sensitive valves that prevent backward flow.
• The heart is a cone-shaped muscular pump organ that consists of four chambers separated from each other by septa.
• The heart valves are one-way valves that prevent backflow of blood.
• The cardiovascular system consists of two circuits: pulmonary and systemic.

Respiratory System:

• Respiration is a physiological process by which animals obtain oxygen and get rid of waste carbon dioxide by diffusion mechanism across a moist respiratory surface.

• The main function of the respiratory system is gas exchange, which is necessary for animals to make ATP mainly by aerobic respiration.

• The human respiratory system includes air passages, nostrils and mouth, pharynx and larynx, glottis, epiglottis, vocal cords, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli, breathing mechanisms, exchange of gases, respiratory membrane, and gas exchange.Overview of the Human Respiratory System

• The respiratory system performs several functions, including drawing air into and out of the lungs for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, vocalization, and detecting odors through the olfactory membrane.

• It also helps regulate body temperature and maintain pH balance, playing a role in homeostasis.

• Respiration involves breathing (ventilation), external pulmonary respiration, internal respiration, and cellular respiration.

• The respiratory airways include nostrils, nasal cavity, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.

• Air passing through the respiratory system is filtered, warmed, and moistened.

• The nasal cavity warms the air, mucus-producing cells secrete mucus to clean air from dust and debris, and the olfactory lining detects odors.

• The pharynx is a common passage for food and air, and the larynx contains vocal cords that produce sounds.

• The trachea extends from the larynx and branches into two bronchi, which further branch into bronchioles.

• The functional units of the lungs are the alveoli, which exchange gases with blood flowing through pulmonary capillaries.

• Gas exchange occurs through the respiratory membrane, which must be thin, moist, and have a large surface area.

• The respiratory cycle consists of inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation), where air is drawn into and pushed out of the lungs.

• Oxygen is transported in the blood by binding to hemoglobin, while carbon dioxide is transported in three mechanisms: dissolved in blood plasma, bound with hemoglobin, and as bicarbonate ions.

Circulatory and Respiratory Systems

Circulatory System:

• Functions include distributing nutrients, transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide, removing waste materials, body defense, preventing excessive bleeding, regulating body temperature, and taking excess fluid from interstitial fluid to the blood.
• Components include the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system.
• The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels.
• Blood is a fluid connective tissue consisting of plasma and formed elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets).
• Red blood cells transport oxygen and some carbon dioxide, white blood cells defend the body against pathogens, and platelets have a role in blood clotting.
• Blood vessels are tubes of different diameters that transport blood to or away from the heart.
• Arteries have a thick muscular wall and carry oxygenated blood to body tissues, except pulmonary arteries.
• Capillaries are branches of arterioles that permit the exchange of materials between blood and body cells.
• Veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart and have pressure-sensitive valves that prevent backward flow.
• The heart is a cone-shaped muscular pump organ that consists of four chambers separated from each other by septa.
• The heart valves are one-way valves that prevent backflow of blood.
• The cardiovascular system consists of two circuits: pulmonary and systemic.

Respiratory System:

• Respiration is a physiological process by which animals obtain oxygen and get rid of waste carbon dioxide by diffusion mechanism across a moist respiratory surface.

• The main function of the respiratory system is gas exchange, which is necessary for animals to make ATP mainly by aerobic respiration.

• The human respiratory system includes air passages, nostrils and mouth, pharynx and larynx, glottis, epiglottis, vocal cords, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli, breathing mechanisms, exchange of gases, respiratory membrane, and gas exchange.Overview of the Human Respiratory System

• The respiratory system performs several functions, including drawing air into and out of the lungs for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, vocalization, and detecting odors through the olfactory membrane.

• It also helps regulate body temperature and maintain pH balance, playing a role in homeostasis.

• Respiration involves breathing (ventilation), external pulmonary respiration, internal respiration, and cellular respiration.

• The respiratory airways include nostrils, nasal cavity, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.

• Air passing through the respiratory system is filtered, warmed, and moistened.

• The nasal cavity warms the air, mucus-producing cells secrete mucus to clean air from dust and debris, and the olfactory lining detects odors.

• The pharynx is a common passage for food and air, and the larynx contains vocal cords that produce sounds.

• The trachea extends from the larynx and branches into two bronchi, which further branch into bronchioles.

• The functional units of the lungs are the alveoli, which exchange gases with blood flowing through pulmonary capillaries.

• Gas exchange occurs through the respiratory membrane, which must be thin, moist, and have a large surface area.

• The respiratory cycle consists of inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation), where air is drawn into and pushed out of the lungs.

• Oxygen is transported in the blood by binding to hemoglobin, while carbon dioxide is transported in three mechanisms: dissolved in blood plasma, bound with hemoglobin, and as bicarbonate ions.

Circulatory and Respiratory Systems

Circulatory System:

• Functions include distributing nutrients, transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide, removing waste materials, body defense, preventing excessive bleeding, regulating body temperature, and taking excess fluid from interstitial fluid to the blood.
• Components include the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system.
• The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels.
• Blood is a fluid connective tissue consisting of plasma and formed elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets).
• Red blood cells transport oxygen and some carbon dioxide, white blood cells defend the body against pathogens, and platelets have a role in blood clotting.
• Blood vessels are tubes of different diameters that transport blood to or away from the heart.
• Arteries have a thick muscular wall and carry oxygenated blood to body tissues, except pulmonary arteries.
• Capillaries are branches of arterioles that permit the exchange of materials between blood and body cells.
• Veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart and have pressure-sensitive valves that prevent backward flow.
• The heart is a cone-shaped muscular pump organ that consists of four chambers separated from each other by septa.
• The heart valves are one-way valves that prevent backflow of blood.
• The cardiovascular system consists of two circuits: pulmonary and systemic.

Respiratory System:

• Respiration is a physiological process by which animals obtain oxygen and get rid of waste carbon dioxide by diffusion mechanism across a moist respiratory surface.

• The main function of the respiratory system is gas exchange, which is necessary for animals to make ATP mainly by aerobic respiration.

• The human respiratory system includes air passages, nostrils and mouth, pharynx and larynx, glottis, epiglottis, vocal cords, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli, breathing mechanisms, exchange of gases, respiratory membrane, and gas exchange.Overview of the Human Respiratory System

• The respiratory system performs several functions, including drawing air into and out of the lungs for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, vocalization, and detecting odors through the olfactory membrane.

• It also helps regulate body temperature and maintain pH balance, playing a role in homeostasis.

• Respiration involves breathing (ventilation), external pulmonary respiration, internal respiration, and cellular respiration.

• The respiratory airways include nostrils, nasal cavity, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.

• Air passing through the respiratory system is filtered, warmed, and moistened.

• The nasal cavity warms the air, mucus-producing cells secrete mucus to clean air from dust and debris, and the olfactory lining detects odors.

• The pharynx is a common passage for food and air, and the larynx contains vocal cords that produce sounds.

• The trachea extends from the larynx and branches into two bronchi, which further branch into bronchioles.

• The functional units of the lungs are the alveoli, which exchange gases with blood flowing through pulmonary capillaries.

• Gas exchange occurs through the respiratory membrane, which must be thin, moist, and have a large surface area.

• The respiratory cycle consists of inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation), where air is drawn into and pushed out of the lungs.

• Oxygen is transported in the blood by binding to hemoglobin, while carbon dioxide is transported in three mechanisms: dissolved in blood plasma, bound with hemoglobin, and as bicarbonate ions.

Circulatory and Respiratory Systems

Circulatory System:

• Functions include distributing nutrients, transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide, removing waste materials, body defense, preventing excessive bleeding, regulating body temperature, and taking excess fluid from interstitial fluid to the blood.
• Components include the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system.
• The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels.
• Blood is a fluid connective tissue consisting of plasma and formed elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets).
• Red blood cells transport oxygen and some carbon dioxide, white blood cells defend the body against pathogens, and platelets have a role in blood clotting.
• Blood vessels are tubes of different diameters that transport blood to or away from the heart.
• Arteries have a thick muscular wall and carry oxygenated blood to body tissues, except pulmonary arteries.
• Capillaries are branches of arterioles that permit the exchange of materials between blood and body cells.
• Veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart and have pressure-sensitive valves that prevent backward flow.
• The heart is a cone-shaped muscular pump organ that consists of four chambers separated from each other by septa.
• The heart valves are one-way valves that prevent backflow of blood.
• The cardiovascular system consists of two circuits: pulmonary and systemic.

Respiratory System:

• Respiration is a physiological process by which animals obtain oxygen and get rid of waste carbon dioxide by diffusion mechanism across a moist respiratory surface.

• The main function of the respiratory system is gas exchange, which is necessary for animals to make ATP mainly by aerobic respiration.

• The human respiratory system includes air passages, nostrils and mouth, pharynx and larynx, glottis, epiglottis, vocal cords, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli, breathing mechanisms, exchange of gases, respiratory membrane, and gas exchange.Overview of the Human Respiratory System

• The respiratory system performs several functions, including drawing air into and out of the lungs for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, vocalization, and detecting odors through the olfactory membrane.

• It also helps regulate body temperature and maintain pH balance, playing a role in homeostasis.

• Respiration involves breathing (ventilation), external pulmonary respiration, internal respiration, and cellular respiration.

• The respiratory airways include nostrils, nasal cavity, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.

• Air passing through the respiratory system is filtered, warmed, and moistened.

• The nasal cavity warms the air, mucus-producing cells secrete mucus to clean air from dust and debris, and the olfactory lining detects odors.

• The pharynx is a common passage for food and air, and the larynx contains vocal cords that produce sounds.

• The trachea extends from the larynx and branches into two bronchi, which further branch into bronchioles.

• The functional units of the lungs are the alveoli, which exchange gases with blood flowing through pulmonary capillaries.

• Gas exchange occurs through the respiratory membrane, which must be thin, moist, and have a large surface area.

• The respiratory cycle consists of inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation), where air is drawn into and pushed out of the lungs.

• Oxygen is transported in the blood by binding to hemoglobin, while carbon dioxide is transported in three mechanisms: dissolved in blood plasma, bound with hemoglobin, and as bicarbonate ions.