Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Quiz

Function: Transport nutrients, gases, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.
Types:
1. Open Circulatory System:
  - Found in arthropods and some mollusks.
  - Hemolymph bathes organs directly.
  - Low pressure system.
2. Closed Circulatory System:
  - Found in annelids, cephalopods, and vertebrates.
  - Blood contained within vessels.
  - Higher pressure allows for efficient transport.
Components:
- Heart: pumps blood.
- Blood Vessels: arteries (away from heart), veins (towards heart), capillaries (exchange).
- Blood: composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma.

Function: Exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the organism and environment.
Types:
1. Gills:
  - Found in fish and amphibians.
  - Extract oxygen from water.
2. Lungs:
  - Found in terrestrial vertebrates.
  - Facilitate gas exchange in air.
3. Tracheal System:
  - Found in insects.
  - Network of tubes delivering air directly to tissues.
Process:
- External Respiration: gas exchange between the environment and blood.
- Internal Respiration: gas exchange between blood and body cells.

Function: Study of the physiological properties of neurons and neural circuits.
Neurons:
- Structure: Dendrites (receive signals), cell body (processing), axon (transmits signals).
- Types: Sensory neurons, motor neurons, interneurons.
Action Potential:
- Electrical impulse that travels along the axon.
- Triggered by depolarization of the neuron's membrane.
Synapses:
- Junctions where neurons communicate.
- Involve neurotransmitters that transmit signals between neurons.
Reflex Arc:
- Neural pathway that controls a reflex action.
- Involves sensory neuron, spinal cord, and motor neuron.
Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems:
- Central: brain and spinal cord, processing and integration.
- Peripheral: nerves outside the brain and spinal cord, transmitting signals to and from the central system.

Function: Essential for transporting nutrients, gases, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.
Types:
- Open Circulatory System:
  - Present in arthropods and some mollusks.
  - Hemolymph directly bathes organs, resulting in a low-pressure environment.
- Closed Circulatory System:
  - Found in annelids, cephalopods, and vertebrates.
  - Blood circulates within vessels, generating higher pressure for efficient nutrient and gas transport.
Components:
- Heart: Central organ responsible for pumping blood.
- Blood Vessels:
  - Arteries transport blood away from the heart.
  - Veins carry blood toward the heart.
  - Capillaries facilitate nutrient and gas exchange at the cellular level.
- Blood Composition: Includes red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma.

Function: Vital for exchanging gases (oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal) between organisms and their environment.
Types:
- Gills:
  - Specialized for aquatic organisms like fish and amphibians, extracting oxygen from water.
- Lungs:
  - Adapted for terrestrial vertebrates to enable gas exchange with air.
- Tracheal System:
  - Unique to insects, consisting of a network of tubes that transport air directly to tissues.
Process:
- External Respiration: Involves the exchange of gases between the environment and blood.
- Internal Respiration: Gas exchange that occurs between the blood and body cells.

Function: Involves the study of the properties and functions of neurons and neural circuits.
Neurons:
- Structure: Comprised of dendrites (signal reception), cell body (signal processing), and axon (signal transmission).
- Types: Sensory neurons (detect stimuli), motor neurons (elicit responses), interneurons (connect sensory and motor pathways).
Action Potential:
- An electrical impulse traveling along the axon, initiated by depolarization of the neuron's membrane.
Synapses:
- The location of communication between neurons, utilizing neurotransmitters to transmit signals.
Reflex Arc:
- A neural pathway controlling reflex actions, involving a sensory neuron, spinal cord, and motor neuron for quick responses.
Nervous Systems:
- Central Nervous System: Comprises the brain and spinal cord, responsible for processing and integration of information.
- Peripheral Nervous System: Consists of nerves outside the brain and spinal cord, responsible for transmitting signals to and from the central system.