Questions and Answers
What is the male to female ratio for renal cell carcinoma?
Which of the following risk factors is NOT associated with renal cell carcinoma?
Which histological type is NOT a form of renal cell carcinoma?
What is a common symptom of renal cell carcinoma?
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Which of the following conditions is associated with urinary bladder cancer?
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Which of the following features is associated with chronic glomerulonephritis?
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What is a common presenting symptom of Wilms tumor?
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What is known as nephroblastoma?
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Which condition describes various conditions of the glomerulus?
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In the histological evaluation of Wilms tumor, which of the following phases is observed?
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Which feature is NOT typically associated with acute pyelonephritis?
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What is a common autoimmune-related factor associated with glomerulonephritis?
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The prognosis for Wilms tumor has improved to what percentage for management and cure rates?
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What type of inheritance pattern is associated with Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease?
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Which of the following conditions is characterized by enlarged multilobulated kidneys?
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Which of the following is a common symptom of Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease?
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What is a histological feature of Multi Cystic Renal Dysplasia?
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Which of the following conditions can lead to the formation of renal stones?
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Which renal pathology is known for affecting children and presenting as a large abdominal mass?
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What is the common presenting symptom of Glomerulonephritis?
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Which of the following pathologies involves renal cysts that may arise in hereditary malformation syndromes?
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Study Notes
Chronic Inflammation and Fibrosis
- Chronic inflammation leads to healing through fibrosis, evident as scarification in tissues.
- End-stage chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) features depressed, irregular scars on kidney cortical surfaces due to continuous inflammation and fibrosis.
- Glomerulonephritis refers to various conditions affecting the glomeruli, the functional units of the kidneys, often linked to autoimmune disorders.
- Acute glomerulonephritis exhibits microscopic and ultrastructural features, primarily in the glomerular basement membrane, mesangium, and blood vessels.
Kidneys in Shock
- Acute tubular necrosis can result from kidney shock, leading to distinct cortico-medullary differentiation.
Wilms Tumour (Nephroblastoma)
- Wilms tumour is a malignant kidney tumour primarily affecting children aged 2 to 5 years, with most cases diagnosed before age 10.
- Management has improved, achieving a cure rate exceeding 80%.
- Symptoms include an enlarged deformed kidney, haematuria, pain, hypertension, and intestinal obstruction.
- Histologically classified as a triphasic tumour consisting of blastemal, stromal, and epithelial phases, representing nephrogenesis stages.
Renal Cell Carcinoma
- Renal cell carcinoma represents 85% of adult renal cancers, primarily affecting individuals in their 60s and 70s.
- Male-to-female ratio is approximately 2:1.
- Previously known as hypernephroma; risk factors include smoking, obesity, hypertension, estrogen therapy, and exposure to toxins.
- May occur sporadically or in association with familial cancer syndromes.
- Types include clear cell, papillary, chromophobe renal carcinoma, and collecting duct carcinoma.
- Common presentations consist of haematuria, vertebral pain, and palpable masses, along with diverse paraneoplastic syndromes.
- Early detection is crucial for prognosis; treatment typically involves nephrectomy.
Urinary Bladder Pathologies
- Bladder enlargement can occur due to obstruction from conditions like posterior urethral valves, urethral stricture, prostatic hyperplasia, or renal stones.
- Chronic cystitis may arise from schistosomiasis, increasing cancer risk.
- Bladder cancers can be classified as squamous cell carcinoma (linked to schistosomiasis) or transitional cell carcinoma.
Kidney Anatomy and Abnormalities
- The kidney is surrounded by renal fat and capsule, with relations to adrenal glands, renal arteries, renal veins, and ureters.
- Anatomical position: kidneys located between T12 and L3 in the body.
- Horseshoe kidney is a congenital defect with kidneys fused at the poles and atypical ureter courses, leading to potential constriction.
Renal Cysts
- Renal cysts can be congenital or acquired, appearing singly or multiple.
- Multi-cystic renal dysplasia represents abnormal metanephric differentiation, featuring cartilage and undifferentiated mesenchyme.
- Dysplasia can be bilateral or unilateral, impacting kidney structure.
Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease (APKD)
- APKD is an autosomal dominant disorder presenting with enlarged, multilobulated kidneys.
- Symptoms often include hypertension and haematuria; the childhood form is autosomal recessive.
Cystic Diseases of the Kidney
- Includes conditions like multiple renal dysplasia, polycystic kidney disease, medullary cystic disease, and acquired dialysis-associated kidney cysts.
- Can also include localized renal cysts and cysts arising from hereditary malformation syndromes, such as tuberous sclerosis.
Renal Calculi
- Renal stones can develop anywhere along the urinary tract, influencing overall renal health.
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Description
This quiz explores the relationship between chronic inflammation, fibrosis, and kidney diseases such as glomerulonephritis. It delves into how autoimmune factors contribute to these conditions, particularly focusing on the end-stage chronic glomerulonephritis. Test your knowledge on the healing processes and pathological changes in the kidneys.
