Chronic Inflammation and Kidney Diseases

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Questions and Answers

What is the male to female ratio for renal cell carcinoma?

3:2

4:1

1:1

2:1 (correct)

Which of the following risk factors is NOT associated with renal cell carcinoma?

Obesity

High cholesterol diet (correct)

Cigarette smoking

Hypertension

Which histological type is NOT a form of renal cell carcinoma?

Lymphocytic carcinoma (correct)

Chromophobe renal carcinoma

Clear cell carcinoma

Papillary carcinoma

What is a common symptom of renal cell carcinoma?

Haematuria Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is associated with urinary bladder cancer?

Chronic cystitis due to schistosomiasis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following features is associated with chronic glomerulonephritis?

Coarse granularity of the cortical surfaces Signup and view all the answers

What is a common presenting symptom of Wilms tumor?

Hematuria Signup and view all the answers

What is known as nephroblastoma?

Wilms tumor Signup and view all the answers

Which condition describes various conditions of the glomerulus?

Glomerulonephritidis Signup and view all the answers

In the histological evaluation of Wilms tumor, which of the following phases is observed?

Blastemal, stromal, epithelial Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is NOT typically associated with acute pyelonephritis?

Irregular cortical scars Signup and view all the answers

What is a common autoimmune-related factor associated with glomerulonephritis?

Autoimmune diseases Signup and view all the answers

The prognosis for Wilms tumor has improved to what percentage for management and cure rates?

Above 80% Signup and view all the answers

What type of inheritance pattern is associated with Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease?

Autosomal dominant Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is characterized by enlarged multilobulated kidneys?

Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom of Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease?

Hypertension Signup and view all the answers

What is a histological feature of Multi Cystic Renal Dysplasia?

Abnormal lobar organization Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions can lead to the formation of renal stones?

Chronic Pyelonephritis Signup and view all the answers

Which renal pathology is known for affecting children and presenting as a large abdominal mass?

Wilms Tumor Signup and view all the answers

What is the common presenting symptom of Glomerulonephritis?

Hematuria Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pathologies involves renal cysts that may arise in hereditary malformation syndromes?

Renal Cysts in Tuberous Sclerosis Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chronic Inflammation and Fibrosis

Chronic inflammation leads to healing through fibrosis, evident as scarification in tissues.
End-stage chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) features depressed, irregular scars on kidney cortical surfaces due to continuous inflammation and fibrosis.
Glomerulonephritis refers to various conditions affecting the glomeruli, the functional units of the kidneys, often linked to autoimmune disorders.
Acute glomerulonephritis exhibits microscopic and ultrastructural features, primarily in the glomerular basement membrane, mesangium, and blood vessels.

Kidneys in Shock

Acute tubular necrosis can result from kidney shock, leading to distinct cortico-medullary differentiation.

Wilms Tumour (Nephroblastoma)

Wilms tumour is a malignant kidney tumour primarily affecting children aged 2 to 5 years, with most cases diagnosed before age 10.
Management has improved, achieving a cure rate exceeding 80%.
Symptoms include an enlarged deformed kidney, haematuria, pain, hypertension, and intestinal obstruction.
Histologically classified as a triphasic tumour consisting of blastemal, stromal, and epithelial phases, representing nephrogenesis stages.

Renal Cell Carcinoma

Renal cell carcinoma represents 85% of adult renal cancers, primarily affecting individuals in their 60s and 70s.
Male-to-female ratio is approximately 2:1.
Previously known as hypernephroma; risk factors include smoking, obesity, hypertension, estrogen therapy, and exposure to toxins.
May occur sporadically or in association with familial cancer syndromes.
Types include clear cell, papillary, chromophobe renal carcinoma, and collecting duct carcinoma.
Common presentations consist of haematuria, vertebral pain, and palpable masses, along with diverse paraneoplastic syndromes.
Early detection is crucial for prognosis; treatment typically involves nephrectomy.

Urinary Bladder Pathologies

Bladder enlargement can occur due to obstruction from conditions like posterior urethral valves, urethral stricture, prostatic hyperplasia, or renal stones.
Chronic cystitis may arise from schistosomiasis, increasing cancer risk.
Bladder cancers can be classified as squamous cell carcinoma (linked to schistosomiasis) or transitional cell carcinoma.

Kidney Anatomy and Abnormalities

The kidney is surrounded by renal fat and capsule, with relations to adrenal glands, renal arteries, renal veins, and ureters.
Anatomical position: kidneys located between T12 and L3 in the body.
Horseshoe kidney is a congenital defect with kidneys fused at the poles and atypical ureter courses, leading to potential constriction.

Renal Cysts

Renal cysts can be congenital or acquired, appearing singly or multiple.
Multi-cystic renal dysplasia represents abnormal metanephric differentiation, featuring cartilage and undifferentiated mesenchyme.
Dysplasia can be bilateral or unilateral, impacting kidney structure.

Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease (APKD)

APKD is an autosomal dominant disorder presenting with enlarged, multilobulated kidneys.
Symptoms often include hypertension and haematuria; the childhood form is autosomal recessive.

Cystic Diseases of the Kidney

Includes conditions like multiple renal dysplasia, polycystic kidney disease, medullary cystic disease, and acquired dialysis-associated kidney cysts.
Can also include localized renal cysts and cysts arising from hereditary malformation syndromes, such as tuberous sclerosis.

Renal Calculi

Renal stones can develop anywhere along the urinary tract, influencing overall renal health.

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Description

This quiz explores the relationship between chronic inflammation, fibrosis, and kidney diseases such as glomerulonephritis. It delves into how autoimmune factors contribute to these conditions, particularly focusing on the end-stage chronic glomerulonephritis. Test your knowledge on the healing processes and pathological changes in the kidneys.