Cholinergic Pharmacology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of cholinergic receptors?

  • To bind serotonin
  • To inhibit neurotransmitter release
  • To recognize and bind acetylcholine (correct)
  • To facilitate dopamine uptake

    • Large doses of cholinergic drugs may cause bradycardia.

    True

    Name one clinical use of neostigmine.

    Reversal of the effects of curare or treatment of myasthenia gravis.

    Cholinergic drugs enhance the activity of the ___________ system, leading to effects such as bronchoconstriction.

    <p>respiratory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the cholinergic drugs with their clinical uses:

    <p>Pilocarpine = Miotic agent Bethanechol = Treat bladder paralysis Edrophonium = Diagnosis of myasthenia gravis Neostigmine = Treatment of atropine poisoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does acetylcholine binding to muscarinic receptors have on the eye?

    <p>Miosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cholinergic drugs should be used with caution in patients with mechanical obstruction of the urinary tract.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of cholinergic stimulation in the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Abdominal cramping or vomiting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of pilocarpine?

    <p>Miotic for eye conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbachol is primarily a muscarinic agonist.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one side effect associated with the use of cholinergic agents in horses.

    <p>Colic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neostigmine does not cross the ______ barrier to any significant extent.

    <p>blood-brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a side effect of pilocarpine?

    <p>Blurred vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their primary effect:

    <p>Pilocarpine = Miotic Carbachol = Laxative agent Bethanechol = Bladder stimulation Neostigmine = Acetylcholine esterase inhibitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of effect for neostigmine?

    <p>Approximately 2 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atropine is used as treatment to block muscarinic ______.

    <p>receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gas is described as colorless, non-flammable, and supports combustion?

    <p>Nitrous oxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sevoflurane has a greater cardiovascular depressant effect than halothane.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the blood:gas partition coefficient of Sevoflurane?

    <p>0.6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Desflurane requires a specialized electronic ______ to vaporize.

    <p>vapouriser</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following anaesthetics to their characteristics:

    <p>Desflurane = Greater respiratory depressant effect Sevoflurane = Non-irritant effect on airways Nitrous oxide = Used as an adjunct to general anaesthesia Isoflurane = Similar pharmacological properties to Sevoflurane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the MAC range for Sevoflurane depending on animal species?

    <p>2.1 - 3.3%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nitrous oxide can achieve stage III anaesthesia on its own.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does nitrous oxide have on the cardiovascular system in absence of hypoxia?

    <p>Minimal effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary clinical use of thiopentone?

    <p>Induction prior to the use of volatile anesthetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thiopentone can be administered via intramuscular injection.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration of anesthesia produced by thiopentone?

    <p>15 to 30 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The drug distribution of thiopentone occurs rapidly into the __________ compartment after administration.

    <p>central</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following factors to their impact on thiopentone's duration and depth of narcosis:

    <p>Amount of drug injected = Depth of narcosis determined Speed of injection = Affects onset of action Age of animal = Varies drug clearance Plasma pH = Influences ionization of drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the side effects of thiopentone?

    <p>It can cause respiratory and cardiovascular depression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Saline infiltration can be used to treat problems caused by perivascular injection of thiopentone.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the calculated dose range of thiopentone for small dogs?

    <p>15 - 17 mg/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason Greyhounds show increased sensitivity to thiopentone?

    <p>Smaller volume of distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dissociative anaesthesia causes patients to feel aware of their environment.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one common dissociative agent mentioned in the content.

    <p>Ketamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thiopentone reduces systemic arterial pressure by about _____% immediately after injection in Greyhounds.

    <p>40</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the anaesthetic agents with their characteristics:

    <p>Procaine HCl = Neutralizes thiopentone Sodium methiodal = Contrast medium for myelography Ketamine = Dissociative agent Thiopentone = Barbiturate anaesthetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is ketamine not usually given orally?

    <p>It causes a delay in onset of anaesthesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Barbiturates are recommended for use in myelography.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done with ketamine due to its severe abuse potential?

    <p>It should be properly locked up in a scheduled drug cupboard.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of elimination for biotransformed substances?

    <p>Urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ketamine primarily acts as an agonist of the NMDA system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does ketamine have on cerebral blood flow?

    <p>It increases cerebral blood flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The elimination phase of thiopentone is approximately ___ minutes.

    <p>40</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the pharmacological effects of ketamine with their descriptions:

    <p>CNS Reactivity = Alters sensory impulse reactivity Cardiovascular Effects = Stimulates blood pressure and cardiac output Muscle Relaxant Properties = Poor skeletal muscle relaxant Ocular Effects = Causes mydriasis and may damage cornea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following reflexes remain active when using ketamine?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mydriasis is a potential effect of ketamine use.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential danger associated with eye protection during ketamine anesthesia?

    <p>Corneal damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    General Veterinary Pharmacology 300 (VPH300)

    • Course offered at the University of Pretoria's Faculty of Veterinary Science.
    • Course focuses on the effects, purpose, and application of various drugs and groups of drugs used in the central and peripheral nervous systems.

    Functional Pharmacology

    • Course content includes autonomic nervous system, central nervous system, local anesthetics, tranquilizers and sedatives, anticonvulsant and anti-epileptic drugs, analgesics, muscle relaxants, and autacoids.
    • The course covers topics like neurohumoral transmission, adrenergic and cholinergic receptors, and pharmacological drug actions.
    • Specific drugs and their classifications and indications are covered (e.g., adrenaline, atropine, clenbuterol, dopamine/dobutamine, neostigmine).
    • Course materials include tables listing effector tissues and their responses to sympathetic and parasympathetic stimuli.

    Autonomic Nervous System

    • Prerequisite knowledge of neurohumoral transmission and receptors in adrenergic and cholinergic divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS).
    • Detailed understanding of adrenergic and cholinergic receptors and mechanisms is required.
    • Learning objectives include summarizing the classification of sympathomimetic drugs based on receptor affinities, discussing indirect-acting sympathomimetic drugs (e.g., ephedrine), classifying sympatholytic drugs, comparing parasympathomimetic and cholinergic drugs, and explaining the mechanisms of action of parasympatholytic drugs.
    • The course also addresses the clinical usage of dopamine blockers.

    Central Nervous System

    • Learning objectives include explaining the modes of action of general anesthetics, defining premedication and listing common drug types, comparing inhalation vs. parenteral anesthetics, detailing inhalation anesthetic uptake, distribution, elimination, and administration techniques, discussing pharmacological effects, clinical uses, species indicated for, side effects, and contraindicatios of specific drugs (e.g., alfaxalone, halothane, isoflurane, ketamine, nitrous oxide, propofol, sevoflurane, thiopentone).
    • The course also involves comparing durations of action and clinical uses of barbiturates (thiopentone, pentobarbitone, phenobarbitone).
    • Treatment procedures for general anesthetic overdose are covered.

    Local Anesthetics

    • General characteristics of local anesthetics, their mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, clinical uses, and toxicities are covered.
    • Specific drugs (e.g., lignocaine, mepivicaine, ropivicaine) and their comparative durations of effect are discussed.
    • The role of adrenaline in combination with local anesthetics and treatment plans for toxicity are also studied.
    • Topical anaesthetics and their ophthalmic indications and contraindications are highlighted.

    Tranquilizers and Sedatives

    • Discussing the differences between tranquilizers and sedatives.
    • Analyzing the pharmacological effects, duration, clinical uses, and contraindications of specific tranquilizers and sedatives(e.g., alpha2-agonists, benzodiazepines, butyrophenones, phenothiazines).
    • Examining paradoxical hyper-excitement effects, extra-pyramidal effects, and cases of drug-induced convulsions; conditions where tranquilizers are inappropriate are considered.
    • The dangers of using phenothiazines in shock or organophosphate poisoning are also addressed.
    • Analysis of anxiolytics in companion animals.

    Anticonvulsant and Anti-epileptic Drugs

    • Explanation of convulsion and epilepsy.
    • Discussion of absorption, disposition, pharmacological effects, and side effects of anti-epileptic drugs (e.g., diazepam, gabapentin, phenobarbitone, potassium bromide).
    • Clarifying issues like drug tolerance development and transitioning between different anti-epileptic drugs are discussed.

    Analgesics

    • Distinguishing between mild, moderate, and severe pain indications for opioid and NSAID analgesics.
    • Discussing the mechanism of action, pharmacology, and side effects of opioid analgesics (e.g., apomorphine, buprenorphine HCl, butorphanol, codeine, etorphine, fentanyl, loperamide, morphine, pethidine HCl)
    • Investigating NSAIDs (e.g., carprofen, firocoxib, meloxicam, phenylbutazone, tolfenamic acid), highlighting their mechanism of action, effects, toxicities, indications, and overdose treatment plans, including discussion of why certain drugs should not be used in certain food animals.
    • Examining paracetamol and aspirin toxicity in cats.

    Muscle Relaxants

    • Comparing central vs. peripheral-acting muscle relaxants.
    • Clinical indications for specific muscle relaxants (e.g., alpha-2-agonists, diazepam, glycerylguaiacolate, methocarbamol, succinylcholine, atracurium, rocuronium, vecuronium) are studied.
    • Describing the sequence of muscle relaxation and the causes of overdose.
    • Ethical considerations of muscle relaxants in animal culling or capture are explored.

    Autacoids

    • Discussing histamine, its stimuli, mechanisms of action, and pharmacological effects.
    • Comparing H1 and H2 histamine blockers, including clinical uses and toxicities.
    • Examining prostaglandin F2α, including pharmacological effects, clinical applications, and species-specific considerations.
    • Investigating the use(s) of prostaglandin E (misoprostol).

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on cholinergic receptors and drugs with this comprehensive quiz. Covering clinical uses, mechanisms of action, and side effects, this quiz is designed for students in pharmacology or related fields. Enhance your understanding of the cholinergic system and its applications in medicine.

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