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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of a toxoid in immunization?
What is the primary function of a toxoid in immunization?
Which of the following is an example of passive immunity?
Which of the following is an example of passive immunity?
What is the ultimate goal of immunization?
What is the ultimate goal of immunization?
How does herd immunity protect individuals in a community?
How does herd immunity protect individuals in a community?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of active immunization?
Which of the following is NOT a type of active immunization?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of active immunity?
Which of the following is a characteristic of active immunity?
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What type of immunity is present from birth and includes physical and chemical barriers?
What type of immunity is present from birth and includes physical and chemical barriers?
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Which of the following best defines passive immunity?
Which of the following best defines passive immunity?
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What are immunizing agents used for?
What are immunizing agents used for?
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Which of the following refers to the types of vaccine failure?
Which of the following refers to the types of vaccine failure?
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What is a common misconception about childhood vaccination?
What is a common misconception about childhood vaccination?
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What is a characteristic of attenuated (live) vaccines?
What is a characteristic of attenuated (live) vaccines?
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Which type of vaccine is considered safer and typically does not result in mild infections?
Which type of vaccine is considered safer and typically does not result in mild infections?
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What is a primary characteristic of passive immunity?
What is a primary characteristic of passive immunity?
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What is the main goal of immunization?
What is the main goal of immunization?
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Which statement best describes active immunity?
Which statement best describes active immunity?
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What is the typical duration of protection provided by passive immunity?
What is the typical duration of protection provided by passive immunity?
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What is a common method through which passive immunity is transferred?
What is a common method through which passive immunity is transferred?
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What is the function of adjuvants in vaccines?
What is the function of adjuvants in vaccines?
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Study Notes
Childhood Immunization
- Immunization saves approximately 3 million lives annually worldwide.
- Maternal and neonatal tetanus (MNT) elimination status was assessed in 2006.
- Countries certified or not but non-endemic in polio were determined.
- Polio eradication progress was tracked from 1988 to 2006, showing a clear reduction in reported cases.
- Vaccination utilizes an antigen-antibody interaction to induce immunity.
Learning Objectives
- Define immunity, immunization methods (active/passive), and immunizing agents.
- Understand factors influencing vaccine response.
- Define vaccine failure types and recognize adverse effects/contraindications.
- Demonstrate awareness of false contraindications of vaccination.
Immunity
- Immunity is the body's ability to protect against infectious diseases.
- Natural immunity includes physical/chemical barriers (skin, mucous membranes) and phagocytic cells.
- Acquired immunity is specific to a single or closely related organism group.
- Immunization (WHO definition) is making a person immune or resistant to an infectious disease via vaccine administration, stimulating the body's immune response.
Two Artificial Methods of Immunity
- Active immunization: using antigens to induce a protective immune response, which is usually long-lasting. Active immunity can be developed through natural disease or vaccination.
- Passive immunization: transferring antibodies from an immune individual or animal to provide temporary immunity.
Vaccine Types
- Attenuated (live) vaccines: use pathogens with reduced virulence, can cause mild infections, often stimulate a strong immune response, and include live attenuated virus vaccines.
- Inactivated (killed) vaccines: whole or subunit vaccines using inactivated, or killed, pathogens; whole-agent, subunit, or toxoid vaccines.
- Toxoid vaccines: chemically or thermally modified toxins that can induce immunity.
Passive Immunity
- Protection through the transfer of antibodies from immune individuals, which can be via the placenta or blood products.
- Immunizing agents: preparations of pathogens' proteins, polysaccharides, or nucleic acids inducing active immunity; detoxified toxins (toxoids) retain the capacity to stimulate antitoxin formation; immune globulins are antibody-containing solutions from human blood; and antitoxins are antibodies from human or animal serum, used in passive immunity.
Goal of Immunization
- Immediate goal: preventing disease in individuals.
- Ultimate goal: eliminating/eradicating communicable diseases through herd immunity (community protection)
Active Immunization Types
- Live-attenuated infectious agents such as measles, mumps, rubella, oral polio vaccine, and rotavirus vaccine.
- Inactivated or detoxified agents, their extracts, or specific recombinant products, include inactivated whole organisms, detoxified exotoxins, purified protein antigens, polysaccharides, and components of organisms (e.g., subunit vaccines).
Types of Active Immunization
- Live attenuated (bacterial/viral)
- Inactivated (killed) (bacterial/viral): whole organisms, toxoids, polysaccharides, purified proteins, capsular polysaccharide-carrier protein conjugates.
Passive Immunization
- Human immune serum globulin (specific examples as indicated for hepatitis B, tetanus, cytomegalovirus, measles, etc.)
- Non-specific immune serum globulin (e.g., intra muscular and intravenous)
- Specific equine antibodies: include botulism antitoxin, diphtheria antitoxin, tetanus antitoxin, and snake and spider anti-venom.
Factors Affecting Vaccine Response
- Factors influencing the body's response to vaccinations include antigen chemical and physical states, host factors (age, nutrition, existing antibodies), and routes of administration (e.g., parenteral vs. oral).
Vaccine Failure
- Primary failure: the individual does not develop an initial immunological response.
- Secondary failure: the individual's protection decreases over time.
Vaccine Administration Rights
- Ensuring vaccination is correctly provided to the correct patient, using the correct vaccine, with the precise dose(s), and utilizing the right route, needle size, and technique at the correct site and time, and with proper documentation
Routes of Administration
- Intradermal, intramuscular, intra muscular, intravenous, subcutaneous
Adverse Events After Vaccination
- Allergic reactions (eg., to egg proteins in some vaccines)
- Local/systemic issues (anaphylaxis, urticaria, swelling/soreness), resulting from too frequent administration or antigen-antibody complexes.
General Contraindications
- Serious allergic reactions (anaphylaxis).
- Moderate/severe illnesses (fever > 38°C).
False Contraindications
- Mild acute illnesses (mild fever, diarrhea).
- Mild to moderate local reactions.
- Pre-existing diseases, current antibiotic therapy, pregnancy, breastfeeding, malnutrition, or specific allergies, and family history of convulsions.
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Description
This quiz covers essential concepts related to childhood immunization, including definitions of immunity, immunization methods, and factors influencing vaccine response. You will also explore the history of polio eradication and understand various vaccine failure types. Test your knowledge on the importance of vaccination in public health.
