Immunization and Vaccines Overview
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Which type of immunization involves introducing live attenuated or killed organisms into the body?

  • Combined Passive and Active Immunization
  • Passive Immunization
  • Supplemental Immunization
  • Active Immunization (correct)

    • Inactivated vaccines can replicate in the vaccinated individual.

    False (B)

    Name one type of vaccine that is derived from weakened disease-causing organisms.

    Live attenuated vaccine

    The main purpose of immunization is to prepare the body to fight against __________ diseases.

    <p>infectious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a known inactivated vaccine?

    <p>Hepatitis B (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following vaccine types with their descriptions:

    <p>Live attenuated vaccines = Weakened forms of pathogens that can replicate Inactivated vaccines = Killed pathogens that cannot replicate Passive immunization = Administration of antibodies from another source Active immunization = Stimulating the immune system to produce its own antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the immunizing agents used in immunization?

    <p>Vaccines, Immunoglobulin, Antisera or Antitoxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Immunization is only beneficial for children and has no importance for adults.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions should prevent the administration of live attenuated vaccines?

    <p>Pregnancy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Toxoids are prepared by detoxifying the exotoxins of bacteria.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name two types of immunization.

    <p>Active and Passive Immunization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ vaccine is administered through various routes including deep subcutaneous and intramuscular.

    <p>most</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following vaccines with their properties:

    <p>Yellow fever = Absolutely protective (100%) Measles = Almost absolutely protective (99%) Polio = Highly protective (80-95%) Cholera = Moderately protective (40-60%)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of immunoglobulin is primarily found in mucosal areas and is known to protect body surfaces?

    <p>IgA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adjuvants are used to decrease the potency of vaccines.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the WHO's Universal Child Immunization program?

    <p>To protect all children against vaccine-preventable diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antisera is prepared from __________.

    <p>animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the immunization types with their characteristics:

    <p>Active Immunization = Induction of long-lasting immunity through exposure to an antigen Passive Immunization = Provides immediate, short-term immunity Combined Immunization = Uses both active and passive methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of cell mediated immune responses?

    <p>Eliminate intracellular pathogens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which category of vaccines does the hepatitis B vaccine belong?

    <p>Polysaccharide and polypeptide vaccines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Booster vaccinations are necessary when immunity levels decline.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cytokines are only produced by T lymphocytes.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List one adverse event that may follow immunization.

    <p>Vaccine reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of T cells are involved in cell mediated cytotoxicity?

    <p>T-cytotoxic cells and Natural Killer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    CD8+ T cells recognize antigens presented by ___ molecules.

    <p>MHC I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most vaccines are administered via deep subcutaneous or __________ routes.

    <p>intramuscular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the interleukin with its primary function:

    <p>IL-1 = Promotes fever and stimulates T cell activity IL-2 = Activates T and B lymphocytes IL-4 = Stimulates growth of T lymphocytes IL-5 = Causes proliferation of B lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cells are considered non-specific in cell mediated immunity?

    <p>Natural Killer cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypersensitivity reactions type IV are mediated by humoral immunity.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one type of extracellular pathogen that CMI helps to eliminate.

    <p>None; CMI primarily targets intracellular pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The syndrome that demonstrates the significance of cell mediated immunity due to the absence of T-cells is called ___ Syndrome.

    <p>DiGeorge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the induction of cell mediated immunity?

    <p>Nature of the antigenic stimulus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cytokines can act in an autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine manner.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List two cytokines that have inhibitory effects.

    <p>IL-10 and IL-13</p> Signup and view all the answers

    T cells recognize specific antigens presented by ___ on the surface of cells.

    <p>MHC proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the cytokine to its source:

    <p>IL-1 = Macrophages IL-2 = Activated T cells IL-4 = T helper cells IL-6 = B and T lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of MHC class I molecules?

    <p>Present endogenous peptide antigens to CD8+ T cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    MHC class II molecules are found on all nucleated cells.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of MHC molecules?

    <p>MHC class I and MHC class II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    MHC proteins are encoded by _____ genes.

    <p>MHC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the MHC class characteristics with their descriptions:

    <p>MHC class I = Recognizes endogenous peptide antigens MHC class II = Recognizes exogenous peptide antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of MHC molecules?

    <p>Foreign particle ingestion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Super antigens specifically bind to the T-cell receptors of only one type of T cell.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What immune system cells are represented by CD8+ T cells?

    <p>Cytotoxic T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The MHC complex in humans is known as the _____ complex.

    <p>human leukocyte antigen (HLA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary cells that MHC class II molecules present antigens to?

    <p>T helper cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antigen presenting cells (APCs) can include macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to T cells when there are deficiencies in TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing)?

    <p>Low levels of class I molecules lead to increased NK cells and decreased CD8+ T cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    MHC class I proteins are made up of a large _____ subunit and a smaller _____ subunit.

    <p>alpha, beta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of antigens do MHC class II molecules primarily present?

    <p>Extracellular antigens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cells are capable of Antibody Dependent Cell Mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC)?

    <p>Neutrophils (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Interferon-gamma is produced by virus-infected fibroblasts.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of transferring tissues or organs from one individual to another called?

    <p>Transplantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Interferon-beta is primarily produced by __________.

    <p>virus-infected fibroblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of transplant with their definitions:

    <p>Autografting = Transplantation within the same organism Allografting = Transplantation between individuals of the same species Xenografting = Transplantation between different species Isografting = Transplantation between genetically identical individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of rejection occurs almost immediately and involves cytotoxic antibodies?

    <p>Hyperacute rejection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes hyperacute rejection?

    <p>Caused by preexisting antibodies to donor HLA antigens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acute rejection can involve both cellular and humoral mechanisms.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Only male to female grafts may be rejected due to Y chromosome differences.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune cells are involved in cellular rejection of transplants?

    <p>CD8+ CTLs and CD4+ helper cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one primary treatment for acute cellular rejection?

    <p>Cyclopsporin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of complement breakdown product C4d is an indicator of __________ rejection.

    <p>humoral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity is achieved by cells binding to the _________ portion of antibodies.

    <p>Fc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the phase of rejection to its description:

    <p>Hyperacute rejection = Immediate destruction by preformed antibodies Acute rejection = Cellular and humoral responses within months Chronic rejection = Long-term damage from ongoing immune response Graft versus Host Disease = T cells from the transplant attack the host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the class of interferon with its primary producer:

    <p>Interferon-alpha = Produced by virus-infected leukocytes Interferon-beta = Produced by virus-infected fibroblasts Interferon-gamma = Produced by activated T-cells and NK cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of transplant rejection?

    <p>Rash on arm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method can increase allograft survival?

    <p>Blood group compatibility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic rejection occurs immediately after transplantation.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic rejection occurs within the first few weeks post-transplant.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List one potential complication of immunosuppressive therapy.

    <p>EBV induced lymphoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do interferons primarily function as?

    <p>Antiviral agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transplant rejection is predominantly mediated by __________ immunity.

    <p>cell-mediated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Graft versus Host Disease (GVHR) can occur in a special case where immunocompetent tissue is transplanted into an __________ host.

    <p>immunocompromised</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine is primarily used in the treatment of diseases involving macrophage activation?

    <p>Interferon-gamma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the components of acute GVH and chronic GVH to their clinical features:

    <p>Acute GVH = Generalized rash, jaundice, bloody diarrhea Chronic GVH = Cutaneous injury, cholestatic jaundice, esophageal strictures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of rejection with its description:

    <p>Hyperacute rejection = Immediate rejection occurring within 48 hours Acute rejection = Rejection that can occur from the first week to three months post-transplant Chronic rejection = Long-term rejection process that occurs over months to years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant challenge of managing chronic rejection?

    <p>The underlying mechanisms vary significantly and are difficult to control. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    HLA compatibility has no impact on graft rejection.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one laboratory test used for donor-recipient matching.

    <p>HLA Typing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Methods to overcome GVHR may include treating bone marrow to deplete __________ cells.

    <p>T</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunosuppressive agent is commonly used in preventing transplant rejection?

    <p>Cyclosporin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The placenta acts as an immunological barrier for the fetus.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Immunization

    • Immunization protects against infectious diseases through vaccination.
    • Vaccination prepares the body to fight future infections.
    • Immunization is a crucial and cost-effective way to prevent childhood illnesses and disabilities.
    • Immunization reduces the number of susceptible individuals in a community.
    • Immunization introduces live attenuated or killed organisms into the body.
    • Immunization against preventable diseases is essential to reduce child mortality, morbidity, and disabilities.
    • Types: Active, Passive, and Combined Active and Passive immunization.
    • Immunizing agents: Vaccines, immunoglobulin, and antisera/antitoxins.

    Vaccines

    • Vaccines are substances that provide specific protection against diseases.
    • Vaccines stimulate antibody production against disease-causing organisms.
    • Vaccination uses antigens to stimulate active immunity.
    • Vaccines are antigenic but not pathogenic.
    • Types: Live attenuated and inactivated/killed.
    • Live attenuated vaccines are weakened pathogens (e.g., BCG, measles, oral polio).
    • Live attenuated vaccines replicate, causing mild or no disease, but are less effective and require boosters.
    • Inactivated vaccines are killed pathogens (e.g., inactivated polio, influenza).
    • Inactivated vaccines are less effective than live ones and require multiple doses.
    • Combinations: DTP, MMR, DT, Hib-HepB.
    • Contraindications for live attenuated vaccines: suppressed immune response (leukemia, lymphoma, corticosteroid use, pregnancy).

    Immunoglobulin

    • Human immunoglobulin (Ig) comprises five major classes (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE) and subclasses.

    Toxoids

    • Toxoids inactivate bacterial toxins, making them antigenic but not pathogenic.
    • Adjuvants (e.g., alum) enhance vaccine potency.
    • Toxoid antibodies neutralize the toxin produced during infection.
    • Toxoids are generally effective and safe.
    • Antisera/antitoxins are animal-derived materials.

    Polysaccharide and Polypeptide Vaccines

    • These vaccines are prepared from cellular fractions (e.g., meningococcal, pneumococcal, hepatitis B).
    • They appear to be highly effective and safe.

    Active Immunization

    • Active immunization induces immunity after antigen exposure (e.g., vaccines).
    • Polio, tetanus, diphtheria, and measles control is based on active immunization.

    Passive Immunization

    • Passive immunization is short-term, used for immediate or impending infection.
    • Available preparations: Normal human immunoglobulin, specific human immunoglobulin, antisera/antitoxins.

    Combined Active and Passive Immunization

    • Passive and active immunization are combined in some diseases (e.g., tetanus, diphtheria, rabies).

    Routes of Administration

    • Common routes: Deep subcutaneous or intramuscular, oral, intradermal, scarification, intranasal.

    Immunization Schedule

    • Each country has a specific schedule.
    • Characteristics of a sound schedule: Epidemiologically relevant, immunologically effective, operationally feasible, and socially acceptable.

    Universal Immunization Program

    • The Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI), now called Universal Child Immunization, was launched by WHO to protect children against six vaccine-preventable diseases.

    Adverse Events Following Immunization (AEFI)

    • Categorization: Vaccine reaction, program error, coincidental association, injection reaction, unknown cause.
    • Specific vaccine adverse events: BCG lymphadenitis, DPT shock collapse, measles encephalitis, hepatitis B anaphylaxis.
    • Contraindications: High fever, adverse reactions to previous immunizations, severe egg allergies, past convulsions, cancer treatment, immune system illnesses (HIV/AIDS).

    Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

    • MHC proteins are unique to each individual and present on nucleated cells.
    • MHC genes are located on chromosome 6 (HLA in humans).
    • Two main classes: MHC class I and class II.
    • MHC molecules are glycoproteins with three domains (extracellular, transmembrane, cytoplasmic).
    • Antigen-binding clefts are present on the extracellular domain.

    MHC Class I vs MHC Class II

    Feature MHC Class I MHC Class II
    Location All nucleated cells Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
    Antigen presentation Endogenous antigens to CD8+ T cells Exogenous antigens to CD4+ T cells
    Subunits Alpha, beta2-microglobulin Alpha, beta
    Peptide Binding Cytosolic pathway Lysosomal/endocytic pathway

    MHC Functions

    • Display self-class I to demonstrate healthy cells.
    • Display foreign peptides in class I (infected cells) and class II (infected cells) to activate T-cells.
    • Test developing T cells for autoreactivity and maintain self-tolerance.
    • Present foreign peptides in class II to activate T-helper cells.

    Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome

    • TAP deficiencies result in low Class I MHC expression.
    • This causes increased NK cell counts and reduced CD8+ T cells.
    • Sufferers experience frequent bacterial infections.

    Presentation of Non-peptide Antigens

    • Some non-protein antigens are recognized by T cells (e.g., mycolic acid from Mycobacterium tuberculosis).
    • Superantigens bind to T-cell receptors and MHC simultaneously.

    Cell-Mediated Immunity (CMI)

    • CMI involves T cells recognizing foreign antigens on cells.
    • Types of T cells: Helper T cells (TH) and cytotoxic T cells (TC).
    • T cells regulate other immune cells (B-cells, macrophages).

    CMI and Infectious Diseases

    • Defends against intracellular pathogens and some types of cancer.
    • Important in fungal, protozoan, and helminthic infections.

    Relationship Between CMI and Humoral Immunity

    • CMI and antibody production are interconnected: Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) utilizes antibodies to target cells.

    Cytokines

    • Cytokines are signalling proteins in cell communication.
    • Types: Lymphokines (T-cells), monokines (macrophages), interleukins, chemokines.
    • Action: Autocrine, paracrine, endocrine.

    Important Cytokines

    • IL-1: Initiates fever, activates other immune cells.

    • IL-2: Activates T and B cells, cytotoxic T cells, and NK cells.

    • IL-3: Stimulates hematopoietic cells.

    • IL-4: Growth factor for T lymphocytes.

    • IL-5: Proliferation of activated B lymphocytes.

    • Interferons: Antiviral agents (Alpha, Beta, Gamma). Interferon-gamma is a crucial pro-inflammatory factor.

    Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC)

    • ADCC uses antibodies to target cells for destruction by other immune cells (e.g., macrophages, NK cells).
    • Mechanisms include perforins, granzymes, TNF, and lytic enzymes.

    Transplantation Immunology

    • Transplantation is the transfer of tissues or organs between individuals.
    • Classification: Autografts (self), allografts (same species), xenografts (different species).
    • Transplantation is needed due to damaged or non-functional organs.
    • Rejection is a major concern in transplantation.
    • Rejection mechanisms: Hyperacute, acute, and chronic.

    Transplant Rejection

    • Types: Hyperacute, acute, chronic.
    • Hyperacute: Immediate rejection due to pre-existing antibodies responding to tissue antigens.
    • Acute: Rejection in the initial months post-transplantation caused by both cellular (T-cells, macrophages) and humoral (antibodies) mechanisms.
    • Chronic: Long-term rejection (months to years) occurring after graft function was assumed, resulting from inflammation, smooth muscle proliferation, and fibrosis.

    Methods for increasing Allograft Survival

    • Blood and tissue (HLA) typing.
    • Immunosuppressive drugs: cyclosporine, azathioprine, steroids, rapamycin.

    Graft-Versus-Host Disease (GVHD)

    • GVHD is a type IV hypersensitivity reaction where donor T cells attack host tissues.
    • GVHD can be acute or chronic, causing various symptoms.
    • Preventing GVHD: T-cell depletion, autologous bone marrow, and umbilical cord blood.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the essential concepts of immunization and vaccines, including their types, mechanisms, and importance in preventing infectious diseases. Learn about the distinct roles of active, passive, and combined immunization, as well as the different types of vaccines used to protect against childhood illnesses. Test your understanding of how these medical tools contribute to public health.

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