142 Questions
What is the generativity of language?
It allows expressing an endless number of concepts using a finite set of words
What is the unique way that adults talk to infants, helping them learn language?
Infant-directed speech (IDS)
What is required for language according to the text?
Human brain and human environment
What supports the understanding of support relations by infants as per the text?
Human environment
What is telegraphic speech?
A way of speaking where non-essential words are omitted but the core meaning is retained
What is an example of telegraphic speech?
"Daddy cook"
What are morphemes?
The most basic unit of meaning in a language that can't be subdivided further
Which is an example of a morpheme?
"ing"
What is over-regularization in language development?
Mistakenly applying regular grammatical rules to words that are exceptions
What is phonological development?
Understanding and learning the sound systems of a language
What is pragmatic development in language?
Understanding and using language in context, including the social aspects of language
What are proto-conversations?
Early caregiver-infant interactions encompassing words, sounds, and gestures
How do infants use nonverbal social cues for language learning?
Infants use gestures like pointing and adults' eye gaze to learn new words
What is the Nativist View of language development?
Language isn't just learned through reinforcement/punishment
What is a key issue in language theories?
Nature vs. Nurture: Is language innate or learned
What does the Nativist Perspective emphasize?
Language as a universal and species-specific feature
What aspect of language development involves learning the sound system of a language?
Phonological development
When do infants typically display a preference for the sounds of their native language?
From birth
What is crucial for infants to perceive and learn regularities in language?
Word segmentation and statistical learning
Which type of language develops faster in children?
Receptive language
At what age do children typically speak their first word?
Around 12 months
What is common in early word learning due to a lack of exposure?
Underextension and overextension
What are fundamental assumptions in learning words?
Mutual exclusivity and whole object assumption
What helps children derive the meaning of unfamiliar words?
Syntactic bootstrapping
At what age do children start forming basic sentences or phrases?
Around 24 months
What challenges a child's understanding of word-object association?
Practical applications
At what age does gravity understanding typically begin in infants?
12 months
What do infants typically expect when it comes to support relations?
A table to support a toy
What is the definition of categorization as per the text?
Grouping objects based on common properties
What does naïve psychology refer to in the context of the text?
Natural understanding of other people's minds, intentions, and beliefs
At what age do infants begin considering invisible constructs like intentions?
1 year
What are the three general categories for children's object categorization?
Inanimate objects, people, and living things
What do category hierarchies include?
Basic, subordinate, and superordinate levels
What aids in learning and categorization according to the text?
Understanding causality
What does Theory of Mind involve understanding?
Desires and beliefs
What influences the development of Theory of Mind?
Brain mechanisms, social interactions, and general information-processing skills
What do infants interpret repeated actions as directed at?
Specific objects, not locations
At what age do children start forming categories based on perceptual characteristics?
1 year
What is crucial for children to understand and relate to their environment?
Categorization
How do children's object categorization abilities develop?
With adult guidance
What does the development of Theory of Mind involve?
Brain mechanisms, social interactions, and general information-processing skills
What do controversies exist regarding?
The cognitive abilities of infants
Which component of emotion involves brain activity in response to emotional stimuli?
Neural responses
What bodily changes accompany emotions?
Sweating and trembling
Which component of emotion involves the internal experience of emotions?
Subjective feelings
What does expressive behavior and desire to take action involve?
Observable actions that express emotions
Which aspect of temperament refers to the regularity of biological functions such as sleep and hunger cycles?
Rhythmicity
Which type of temperament is characterized by moody, inactive behavior and being slow to adapt but eventually comfortable with novelty?
Slow-to-Warm-Up
What is the assessment of different types of regulatory abilities, such as attentional control and inhibitory control, in modern conceptions of infant temperament?
Regulatory Capacity
What is a child's propensity to laugh and engage with new people considered in modern conceptions of infant temperament?
Positive Affect/Approach
What type of temperament is characterized by a tendency to approach new situations with enthusiasm and a positive mood?
Positive Affect/Approach
What method of measuring temperament involves parents completing questionnaires or diaries about their child's behavior?
Parent Report
Which aspect of temperament involves the response to unfamiliar people or situations with caution or avoidance?
Fearful Distress
What is the stability of temperament over time related to, according to the text?
Genetic Influence
What can predict anxiety or social withdrawal later in life, based on the text?
Stability
What can influence how temperament is expressed and managed, as per the text?
Parenting Style
What refers to the compatibility between a child's temperament and their environment, affecting their development?
Goodness of Fit
Which children are more sensitive to their environments, for better or worse, than others, according to the text?
Orchids
At what age does separation anxiety typically peak in infants?
13 months
When does the display of anger drop sharply in infants?
12 months
At what age does surprise typically appear in infants?
6 months
Which emotion has an evolutionary basis often related to food?
Disgust
When do self-conscious emotions like embarrassment, pride, guilt, and shame develop?
Second year of life
What characterizes adolescence in terms of emotions?
Increase in negative emotions, decrease in positive emotions
What is the typical trend in children's ability to interpret others' emotions?
Progress from distinguishing to categorizing and labeling emotions
What does emotion regulation involve?
Developmental progress from caregiver regulation to self-regulation
What is the typical outcome for children who regulate emotions well?
Well-liked, less likely to be bullied, and perform better academically
What is the consensus among researchers regarding universally recognized basic emotions?
Happiness, fear, anger, sadness, surprise, and disgust
What does the Functionalist Approach offer a perspective on?
The nature and emergence of emotions
What is a distinct developmental pattern for negative emotions in infants and children?
Generalized distress
What is the primary purpose of attachment?
To promote infant survival
Which attachment style is characterized by a mix of avoidant and resistant behaviors?
Disorganized Attachment
What influences attachment in children?
The infant’s temperament and personality
What is the impact of attachment on children's development?
It affects the child's sense of security and self-esteem
Attachment theory emphasizes the role of contact comfort in developing attachment, as demonstrated by:
Harlow and Zimmerman’s research with infant monkeys
The Strange Situation Procedure, developed by Mary Ainsworth, is used to assess:
Attachment styles in 1- to 2-year-olds through 8 structured episodes
Cultural variations in attachment and the assessment of attachment styles through the Strange Situation Experiment are important in understanding:
Attachment behaviors
In attachment theory, the universality of attachment formation across cultures emphasizes:
Key aspects of attachment theory
Attachment behaviors such as stranger anxiety, separation anxiety, and secure-base behaviors emerge during:
Specific developmental stages
The impact of daycare on attachment development highlights the potential for interventions to foster:
Secure attachments in children
Attachment styles include insecure-avoidant, disoriented/disorganized, secure, and insecure-resistant, with specific behaviors and percentages of babies exhibiting these styles, emphasizing the role of:
Quality of care received
In attachment theory, influences on attachment quality include:
Parenting styles and behaviors
John Bowlby’s ethological theory of attachment emphasizes:
Innate behavioral tendencies and the evolutionary perspective of attachment
Attachment behaviors such as secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant attachment can have long-term impacts on:
Forming healthy relationships
Early theories of attachment include psychoanalytic theory (Freud) and behaviorism, which emphasize:
Feeding, drive reduction, reward, and conditioning
The impact of sensitivity training for parents and the impact of childcare on attachment highlight the potential for interventions to foster:
Secure attachments in children
What is the impact of high-quality childcare coupled with insensitive parenting?
It can negatively impact attachment
What is the primary influence on a child's perception of self, attachment figures, and relationships?
Experiences with caregivers
What are the adverse outcomes associated with institutional care?
Growth restriction, lower IQ, disorganized attachment
What is a common characteristic of children who have been institutionalized?
Reactive attachment disorder
What was the aim of the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (BEIP)?
To study the effects of institutional care and the impact of intervention on child development
What was the historical context of Romanian institutions prior to 1989?
High rates of child abandonment and destruction of the family unit
What were the long-term effects of foster care on children in the BEIP?
Improvements in various developmental domains
What is a common characteristic of children who have been institutionalized?
Disorganized attachment
What is the primary influence on a child's perception of self, attachment figures, and relationships?
Experiences with caregivers
What is the impact of high-quality childcare coupled with insensitive parenting?
It can negatively impact attachment
What is the primary influence on a child's perception of self, attachment figures, and relationships?
Experiences with caregivers
What are the adverse outcomes associated with institutional care?
Growth restriction, lower IQ, disorganized attachment
What is the primary influence on a child's aggressive behaviors, as per the text?
Biological Influences
What can exacerbate aggressive behaviors in children, as mentioned in the text?
Exposure to conflict and modeling of aggressive behaviors
At what age does susceptibility to the influence of aggressive peer groups tend to peak, based on the text?
Around grades 8 or 9
What type of parenting style combined with physical punishment can lead to confusion and poor behavior regulation, as per the text?
Cold and punitive parenting style
What is the primary psychological factor in prosocial behaviour?
Empathy, which involves understanding and sharing the emotional states of others
What can empathy lead to, according to the text?
Sympathy, motivating helping behaviour without causing discomfort to the helper
What is the feeling of concern for another person, often leading to prosocial behaviour?
Sympathy
What can personal distress sometimes lead to, according to the text?
Motivating individuals to help in order to reduce their own discomfort
At what age does prosocial behavior typically emerge in toddlers?
1-2 years
What are the two main functions of antisocial behavior?
Instrumental aggression and emotional aggression
What influences prosocial behavior according to the text?
Biological factors and cultural influences
In which stage of childhood does aggressive behavior peak in physical aggression?
Preschool years
What are the characteristics of aggressive children according to the text?
Impulsivity and callousness
What is the impact of early-onset aggression in middle childhood according to the text?
It predicts criminality in adulthood
What is the influence of cultural factors on prosocial behavior?
Collectivistic cultures encourage more prosocial behavior
What are the forms of aggression mentioned in the text?
Physical aggression and relational aggression
What are the two types of aggressive children mentioned in the text?
Proactive aggressors and reactive aggressors
What is the trend in physical aggression and verbal aggression as children progress through elementary school?
Physical aggression decreases while verbal aggression increases
What are the influences on prosocial behavior according to the text?
Biological factors and parental socialization
What is the impact of later-onset aggression according to the text?
It is confined to the adolescent years
What is the impact of increased single or unmarried parenting on children?
Reduced time for children and higher poverty rate in single-parent households
What are the implications of the rise in children living with grandparents?
Financial constraints and higher incidence of emotional and behavioral problems in children
What is the average age of older first-time parents in 2016?
29
What is the conceptual understanding of family structure?
Refers to the number of people and the nature of relationships among those living in a household
What are the subcategories of the 'Rejected' peer status?
Rejected-aggressive, Rejected-withdrawn
What are the developmental outcomes for 'Withdrawn-Rejected' children?
Vulnerability to bullying, loneliness, low self-esteem, depression, and internalizing disorders
What is the primary influence on a child's aggressive behaviors, as per the text?
Parenting style
What are the characteristics of 'Controversial' peer status?
Traits of both popular and rejected; aggressive yet cooperative, sociable, humorous, leadership qualities
What is the impact of high-quality childcare coupled with insensitive parenting?
Increased risk of adjustment problems
What is the impact of 'Withdrawn-Rejected' status on children?
Vulnerability to bullying, loneliness, low self-esteem, depression, and internalizing disorders
What influences the development of Theory of Mind?
Attachment style
What are the characteristics of 'Neglected' peer status?
Often shy, socially competent, less sociable, less disruptive
What is the impact of changing family structures on children?
Potential issues such as sadness, depression, lower self-esteem, and aggression
What is the primary focus of discipline in parenting?
Using punishment to reduce undesirable behavior
What are the primary factors influencing the choice of friends in children?
Shared interests and cognitive maturity
What is the emphasis of parenting styles based on warmth/responsiveness and demandingness/control?
Parental behavior and expectations towards children
What is the process through which children learn values, standards, skills, knowledge, and behaviors suitable for their roles in culture?
Socialization
What is the impact of divorce on children according to the text?
Increased risk of potential issues such as sadness and depression
What is the primary influence on the development of friendships in children?
Proximity and age similarity
What is the main concern regarding children experiencing family structure changes?
Potential issues such as sadness, depression, and aggression
What is the primary function of friendships in children?
Emotional support and validation
What is the primary focus of parenting styles?
Warmth/responsiveness and demandingness/control
What is the primary factor influencing the development of friendships in children?
Proximity and age similarity
What is the primary concern regarding children experiencing family structure changes?
Potential issues such as sadness, depression, and aggression
Study Notes
Child Language Development
- Language development involves phonological, semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic aspects.
- Phonological development is about learning the sound system of a language, involving perceiving and producing phonemes.
- Infants display a preference for the sounds of their native language from birth, but this ability diminishes over the first year of life.
- Word segmentation and statistical learning are crucial for infants to perceive and learn regularities in language.
- Language development also includes productive and receptive language, with receptive language developing faster.
- Children typically speak their first word around 12 months and experience a vocabulary spurt at 18-24 months.
- Regardless of language, early vocabularies often consist of simple nouns like "ball" and "dog".
- Underextension and overextension are common in early word learning due to a lack of exposure.
- Mutual exclusivity and whole object assumption are fundamental assumptions in learning words.
- Syntax involves structured rules in a language, while syntactic bootstrapping helps children derive the meaning of unfamiliar words.
- Children start forming basic sentences or phrases around 24 months, following a period of rapid vocabulary growth.
- Practical applications challenge a child's understanding of word-object association, such as identifying a "blicket" among other objects.
Understanding Infant Cognition and Development
- Infants interpret repeated actions as directed at specific objects, not locations.
- Controversies exist regarding the cognitive abilities of infants.
- Categorization helps children understand and relate to their environment.
- Three general categories for children's object categorization: inanimate objects, people, and living things.
- Children start forming categories in the first few months, initially based on perceptual characteristics.
- As children grow, they develop enhanced categorization abilities and understand category hierarchies.
- Category hierarchies include superordinate, basic, and subordinate levels.
- Children's unique categorization may differ from adults' and develop with adult guidance.
- Understanding causality aids in learning and categorization.
- Infants as young as 1 year begin considering invisible constructs like intentions.
- Theory of Mind involves understanding desires and beliefs, developing over the first few years of life.
- The development of Theory of Mind is influenced by brain mechanisms, social interactions, and general information-processing skills.
Development of Emotions in Infants and Children
- Discrete Emotions Theory and The Functionalist Approach offer different perspectives on the nature and emergence of emotions
- Consensus among researchers recognizes six basic emotions as universally recognized: Happiness, fear, anger, sadness, surprise, and disgust
- Positive emotions such as smiling and laughter emerge in infants at specific developmental stages
- Negative emotions like generalized distress, fear, and anger have distinct developmental patterns and triggers in infants and children
- Separation anxiety typically peaks around 13 months of age and shows cultural differences in its expression
- Anger in infants becomes clearer by 12 months and displays of anger drop sharply thereafter, especially for girls
- Surprise appears around 6 months of age, while disgust has an evolutionary basis, often related to food
- Self-conscious emotions like embarrassment, pride, guilt, and shame develop during the second year of life
- Adolescence is characterized by an increase in negative emotions, a decrease in positive emotions, and often negative emotions in relations with parents
- Children's ability to interpret others’ emotions progresses from distinguishing to categorizing and labeling emotions
- Emotion regulation involves controlling and expressing feelings, with developmental progress from caregiver regulation to self-regulation
- Children who regulate emotions well tend to be well-liked, less likely to be bullied, and perform better academically
Attachment Theory and Development
- Early theories of attachment include psychoanalytic theory (Freud) and behaviorism, which emphasize feeding, drive reduction, reward, and conditioning.
- Harlow and Zimmerman’s research with infant monkeys showed that contact comfort is more crucial than feeding in developing attachment.
- Attachment behaviors such as secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant attachment can have long-term impacts on forming healthy relationships.
- John Bowlby’s ethological theory emphasizes innate behavioral tendencies and the evolutionary perspective of attachment as a response to promote infant survival.
- Attachment behaviors such as stranger anxiety, separation anxiety, greeting reactions, and secure-base behaviors emerge during specific developmental stages.
- The universality of attachment formation across cultures and individual differences based on the quality of care received are key aspects of attachment theory.
- The Strange Situation Procedure, developed by Mary Ainsworth, is used to assess attachment styles in 1- to 2-year-olds through 8 structured episodes.
- Cultural variations in attachment and the assessment of attachment styles through the Strange Situation Experiment are important in understanding attachment behaviors.
- Attachment styles include insecure-avoidant, disoriented/disorganized, secure, and insecure-resistant, with specific behaviors and percentages of babies exhibiting these styles.
- Influences on attachment quality include parenting styles and behaviors, sensitive caregiving, and the impact of daycare on attachment development.
- Sensitivity training for parents and the impact of childcare on attachment highlight the potential for interventions to foster secure attachments in children.
- Overall, attachment theory and development provide insight into the critical role of early relationships and caregiving in shaping emotional development and future relationships.
Development of Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior in Children
- Prosocial behavior emerges in toddlers between the ages of one and two, as they begin to display empathy and sympathy, such as comforting others and sharing toys.
- As children grow, their prosocial behavior becomes more advanced, with an increased understanding of different perspectives and moral reasoning, enhancing their capacity for prosocial acts.
- Biological factors, such as genetic components and temperament, influence prosocial behavior, while parental socialization and cultural influences also play significant roles.
- Cultural influences on prosocial behavior vary, with collectivistic cultures often encouraging more prosocial behavior than individualistic cultures.
- Antisocial behavior includes two main functions: hostile aggression, driven by anger and aimed at causing suffering, and instrumental aggression, calculated to achieve a specific goal.
- Forms of aggression include physical aggression (hitting, kicking), verbal aggression (name-calling, yelling), and relational aggression (social manipulation).
- Aggressive behavior emerges in children before 12 months, peaks in physical aggression at ages 2-3, and shifts towards instrumental aggression in the preschool years as children assert themselves and navigate social interactions.
- In elementary school, there is a decline in physical aggression but a rise in verbal and relational aggression, as children develop emotion regulation and conflict resolution skills.
- Early-onset aggression in middle childhood can lead to delinquency and more severe aggression in adolescence, serving as a strong predictor of criminality in adulthood.
- Later-onset aggression is often associated with involvement in deviant peer groups and tends to be less stable, confined to the adolescent years.
- Characteristics of aggressive children include difficult temperament, impulsivity, attention problems, and callousness, which contribute to aggressive responses.
- Individual differences in aggression include proactive aggressors who use aggression to achieve desired outcomes and believe in its efficacy, and reactive aggressors who respond impulsively to perceived threats.
Changing Family Structures and Parenting Styles
- Fertility rate in 1961 was 4, dropping to 1.54 in 2016 due to increased access to birth control and delayed family planning for career and education.
- Divorce rate ranges between 35%-42%, impacting nearly 1 in 5 children over a 3-year period.
- Examples of changing family structures include single parenting, older first-time parents, living with grandparents, smaller family sizes, and fluid family structures due to divorce.
- Children experiencing family structure changes are at risk of potential issues such as sadness, depression, lower self-esteem, aggression, and decline in academic achievement.
- Lecture topics include family dynamics, parenting styles, peer relationships, and the role of parents in peer relationships.
- Socialization is the process through which children learn values, standards, skills, knowledge, and behaviors suitable for their roles in culture.
- Discipline in parenting involves strategies and behaviors used to teach children appropriate behavior, including punishment as a method to reduce undesirable behavior.
- Parenting styles are based on warmth/responsiveness and demandingness/control, with four styles: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved.
- In the development of friendships, children show a preference for certain friends in early childhood, and by adolescence, friendships become a context for self-exploration and personal problem-solving.
- Choice of friends is influenced by factors such as proximity, age similarity, cognitive maturity, prosocial/antisocial behaviors, peer acceptance, and shared interests.
- Friendships provide emotional support, validation, social and cognitive skills, and buffer against negative experiences.
- Gender differences in friendships show that girls prioritize closeness and experience more friendship-related stress, while both genders show similar stability in friendships and recreational time spent together.
Test your knowledge of child language development with this quiz! Explore topics such as phonological development, word segmentation, vocabulary spurt, syntax, and word learning strategies. See how much you know about the fascinating process of language acquisition in children.
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