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What is the typical vocabulary of an 18-month-old child?
What is the typical vocabulary of an 18-month-old child?
Overextension occurs when a child uses a word too narrowly.
Overextension occurs when a child uses a word too narrowly.
False
What is the term used to describe the rapid increase in vocabulary that begins at about 18 months?
What is the term used to describe the rapid increase in vocabulary that begins at about 18 months?
vocabulary spurt
Children often use _______ style primarily to express feelings and needs about themselves and others.
Children often use _______ style primarily to express feelings and needs about themselves and others.
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Match the two-word utterances with their meanings:
Match the two-word utterances with their meanings:
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At what age can infants typically match voices to faces?
At what age can infants typically match voices to faces?
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Newborns have a visual acuity of approximately 20/40.
Newborns have a visual acuity of approximately 20/40.
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What term describes the opportunities for interaction offered by objects?
What term describes the opportunities for interaction offered by objects?
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By ______ weeks, infants can start to discriminate some colors.
By ______ weeks, infants can start to discriminate some colors.
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Match the age to the corresponding developmental milestone:
Match the age to the corresponding developmental milestone:
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What can infants distinguish by 3 months of age?
What can infants distinguish by 3 months of age?
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Infants can show a preference for their mother's face over a stranger's face within 12 hours after birth.
Infants can show a preference for their mother's face over a stranger's face within 12 hours after birth.
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Which type of perceptual constancy involves recognizing an object's shape remains the same despite changes in orientation?
Which type of perceptual constancy involves recognizing an object's shape remains the same despite changes in orientation?
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Infants can fully perceive occluded objects as whole by the age of 1 month.
Infants can fully perceive occluded objects as whole by the age of 1 month.
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At what age do infants start to show size constancy?
At what age do infants start to show size constancy?
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Infants can track briefly occluded moving objects at about ___ months of age.
Infants can track briefly occluded moving objects at about ___ months of age.
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Match the types of perceptual constancy with their definitions:
Match the types of perceptual constancy with their definitions:
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What is demonstrated by infants' reluctance to crawl out on the deep side of the visual cliff?
What is demonstrated by infants' reluctance to crawl out on the deep side of the visual cliff?
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The ability to use binocular vision develops after 6 months of age.
The ability to use binocular vision develops after 6 months of age.
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What sensory capability can a fetus develop during the last two months of pregnancy?
What sensory capability can a fetus develop during the last two months of pregnancy?
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By about ___ months, infants show differences in heart rate when placed on the deep side of the visual cliff.
By about ___ months, infants show differences in heart rate when placed on the deep side of the visual cliff.
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What is the primary focus of an infant during the primary circular reactions stage?
What is the primary focus of an infant during the primary circular reactions stage?
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Secondary circular reactions involve intentional and goal-directed actions by the infant.
Secondary circular reactions involve intentional and goal-directed actions by the infant.
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What is the term used for the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen?
What is the term used for the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen?
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The error when infants tend to search for a hidden object in a familiar location rather than a new location is called the ______.
The error when infants tend to search for a hidden object in a familiar location rather than a new location is called the ______.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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At what age do infants typically first engage in 'gaze following' which is a form of joint attention?
At what age do infants typically first engage in 'gaze following' which is a form of joint attention?
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Sustained attention allows infants to increase their attention span as they become familiar with stimuli.
Sustained attention allows infants to increase their attention span as they become familiar with stimuli.
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During which sensorimotor substage does curiosity and exploration of novel properties of objects begin?
During which sensorimotor substage does curiosity and exploration of novel properties of objects begin?
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Attention in the first year of life is dominated by an orienting/______ process.
Attention in the first year of life is dominated by an orienting/______ process.
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What cognitive ability allows infants to use primitive symbols to represent events?
What cognitive ability allows infants to use primitive symbols to represent events?
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What are the four categories of behavior measured by the Gesell test?
What are the four categories of behavior measured by the Gesell test?
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The Bayley-III scales include two questionnaires administered to the infant.
The Bayley-III scales include two questionnaires administered to the infant.
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What is the primary focus of the Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence?
What is the primary focus of the Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence?
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By 6 months, infants can recognize when sounds change, leading to improved awareness of their own language. They begin to detect word __________ by 8 months of age.
By 6 months, infants can recognize when sounds change, leading to improved awareness of their own language. They begin to detect word __________ by 8 months of age.
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Match the following periods of early language development with their descriptions:
Match the following periods of early language development with their descriptions:
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Which scale is used to assess infant behavior to predict later development?
Which scale is used to assess infant behavior to predict later development?
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Infants typically speak their first recognizable words at six months of age.
Infants typically speak their first recognizable words at six months of age.
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What term describes the one-word utterances that stand for a whole phrase?
What term describes the one-word utterances that stand for a whole phrase?
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A child’s __________ vocabulary considerably exceeds their spoken vocabulary during infancy.
A child’s __________ vocabulary considerably exceeds their spoken vocabulary during infancy.
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Match the following early vocalizations with their descriptions:
Match the following early vocalizations with their descriptions:
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Study Notes
Infancy Development
- Infancy encompasses the physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development of a child in their first year of life.
- Physical Growth and Development: - Newborns lose 5-7% of their body weight in the first few days, then rapidly gain weight (5-6 ounces/week). - By 1 year of age, weight triples, height doubles. - Head size is proportionally large at birth (1/4 of body), decreasing to 1/8 by adulthood. - Cephalocaudal principle: Head and upper body develop before rest of body. - Proximodistal principle: Growth from center outward, e.g. trunk muscles before arms - Brain development is rapid. - Brain growth peaks for vision in the 4th postnatal month.
- The Brain: - A newborn's brain is about 25% of its adult weight; 75% by 2 years. - 100-200 billion nerve cells. - Should be protected; preventing head trauma is critical. - Shaken baby syndrome: Brain swelling, hemorrhaging - Neuron changes: Myelination, connectivity, pruning.
- Mapping the brain: - Forebrain includes cerebral cortex. - Cortex contains two hemispheres. - Frontal lobe: Voluntary movements, thinking, personality, purpose. - Occipital lobe: Vision. - Temporal lobe: Hearing, language processing, memory. - Parietal lobe: Spatial location, attention, motor control.
- Neuron changes: - Myelination (axons encased with fat) begins prenatally and continues postnatally through adolescence. - Connectivity of neurons increases creating new pathways. - New dendrites and synaptic connections increase, speeding neural pathways. - Synaptic pruning happens as connections are no longer needed.
- Motor Development: - Infants develop skills like rolling, sitting, standing in a fixed order. - Reflexes (automatic and genetically based): - Rooting, sucking, grasping, startle (Moro) are important reflexes, in coordination of sensation and action, occurring in the first month. - Reflexes prepare for further skill development. - Gross motor skills: Large muscle activities like walking, sitting. - Progression milestones: Lifting head, rolls over, sits unsupported, crawls, stands with support, walks alone. - Fine motor skills: Small muscle activities, finger dexterity (grasping objects).
- Perceptual Development: - Perception: the interpretation of sensory information. - Sensory information interacts with sensory receptors-eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, skin - Infants begin to perceive that occluded objects are whole, develop the ability to track briefly occluded moving objects. - Visual Cliff experiments: Infants show depth perception at 2 months of age, with preference for familiar surfaces.
- Other Senses: - Infants can differentiate pleasant/unpleasant smells. - Infants recognize basic tastes (sweet, sour, bitter). - Hearing improves, infants are more responsive to high-pitched sounds.
- Intermodal Perception: - Ability to integrate info from two or more sensory modalities, such as vision and hearing occurs in newborns. - Coordinating visual and auditory information (infant looks where they hear caregivers voice).
- Perceptual-motor coupling: - Action guides perception. - Perception guides action - Infants learn coordination through movement and experience.
- Nature, Nurture, and Perceptual Development - Early perception has innate foundations in newborns but further development relies heavily on experience.
- Cognitive Development: - Young infants interpret the world as predictable. - Infants have a core knowledge of objects (they are substantial and permanent). - Infants can discriminate between different numbers of objects.
- Piaget's Theory of Infant Development: - Piaget's theory explains how biology and experience interact in cognitive development. - States that infants go through 6 stages, each with different characteristics and thought processes.
- Learning, Remembering, and Conceptualizing: - Conditioning modifies behavior based on consequences. - Attention plays an important part in memory. Encoding is how information gets into memory. - Infants demonstrate implicit and explicit memory. Implicit memory occurs earlier, whereas explicit memory becomes better established later.
- Imitation: - Infants can imitate others' actions from birth. - Infants demonstrate plasticity in imitation through several stages before their first birthday, involving increasingly sophisticated behaviors.
- Concept Formation and Categorization: - Infants organize information into categories based on shared properties (shapes, colours). - This simplifies their understanding of the world.
- Individual Differences and Assessment: - Infant assessment measures such as Bayley scales and the Gesell test have been vital in measuring individual differences. - These measures assess multiple domains of development.
- Language Development: - Infants recognize language sounds, and by 8 months they can also detect word boundaries.. - Important language milestones during infancy include crying, cooing, babbling, and uttering first words. - Children use words in simple phrases like “more milk” around a year and a half.
- Socioemotional Development: - Emotions (e.g., joy, anger, fear) are evident early in infancy - Infants exhibit stranger anxiety and separation anxiety. - Temperament is an enduring characteristic in behavioral styles, emotions, and responsiveness. - Early temperament can influence later development.
- Attachment:
- Close and positive emotional bond between infant and caregiver.
- Attachment occurs across phases from birth to 2 years.
- Attachment is reciprocal- infants and caregivers impact each other during interaction. - Caregiver's response influences whether a baby forms a secure connection. - The type of attachment is consistently evident by age 2.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the typical vocabulary and developmental milestones of infants up to 18 months. This quiz covers topics such as vocabulary acquisition, visual acuity, and interaction opportunities in early childhood development.
