Child Development Milestones Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the typical vocabulary of an 18-month-old child?

  • 50 words (correct)
  • 100 words
  • 300 words
  • 200 words

Overextension occurs when a child uses a word too narrowly.

False (B)

What is the term used to describe the rapid increase in vocabulary that begins at about 18 months?

vocabulary spurt

Children often use _______ style primarily to express feelings and needs about themselves and others.

<p>expressive</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the two-word utterances with their meanings:

<p>See doggie = Identification Book there = Location Not wolf = Negation More milk = Repetition</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age can infants typically match voices to faces?

<p>3 months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Newborns have a visual acuity of approximately 20/40.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the opportunities for interaction offered by objects?

<p>affordances</p> Signup and view all the answers

By ______ weeks, infants can start to discriminate some colors.

<p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the age to the corresponding developmental milestone:

<p>At birth = Visual acuity of 20/240 By 6 months = Vision improves to 20/40 By 8 weeks = Discriminate some colors By 3 months = Match voices to faces</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can infants distinguish by 3 months of age?

<p>Male and female faces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Infants can show a preference for their mother's face over a stranger's face within 12 hours after birth.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of perceptual constancy involves recognizing an object's shape remains the same despite changes in orientation?

<p>Shape constancy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Infants can fully perceive occluded objects as whole by the age of 1 month.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do infants start to show size constancy?

<p>3 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

Infants can track briefly occluded moving objects at about ___ months of age.

<p>3 to 5</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of perceptual constancy with their definitions:

<p>Size Constancy = Recognition of object size despite distance changes Shape Constancy = Recognition of object shape despite orientation changes Depth Perception = Ability to perceive spatial relationships and distances Stereoacuity = Fine-detail depth perception from binocular vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is demonstrated by infants' reluctance to crawl out on the deep side of the visual cliff?

<p>Perception of depth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ability to use binocular vision develops after 6 months of age.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What sensory capability can a fetus develop during the last two months of pregnancy?

<p>Hearing</p> Signup and view all the answers

By about ___ months, infants show differences in heart rate when placed on the deep side of the visual cliff.

<p>2 to 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of an infant during the primary circular reactions stage?

<p>Reproducing events occurred by chance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Secondary circular reactions involve intentional and goal-directed actions by the infant.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen?

<p>object permanence</p> Signup and view all the answers

The error when infants tend to search for a hidden object in a familiar location rather than a new location is called the ______.

<p>A-not-B Error</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Habituation = Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations Dishabituation = Increase in responsiveness after a change in stimulation Operant Conditioning = Behavior influenced by consequences Joint Attention = Focusing on the same object or event with another person</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do infants typically first engage in 'gaze following' which is a form of joint attention?

<p>10 to 11 months (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sustained attention allows infants to increase their attention span as they become familiar with stimuli.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which sensorimotor substage does curiosity and exploration of novel properties of objects begin?

<p>tertiary circular reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Attention in the first year of life is dominated by an orienting/______ process.

<p>investigative</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive ability allows infants to use primitive symbols to represent events?

<p>Internalization of schemes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four categories of behavior measured by the Gesell test?

<p>Motor, language, adaptive, personal-social (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Bayley-III scales include two questionnaires administered to the infant.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence?

<p>The infant's ability to process information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

By 6 months, infants can recognize when sounds change, leading to improved awareness of their own language. They begin to detect word __________ by 8 months of age.

<p>boundaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following periods of early language development with their descriptions:

<p>Crying = Signals distress and needs Cooing = Gurgling sounds expressing pleasure Babbling = Strings of consonant-vowel combinations Gestures = Showing or pointing to communicate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scale is used to assess infant behavior to predict later development?

<p>Bayley Scales of Infant Development (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Infants typically speak their first recognizable words at six months of age.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the one-word utterances that stand for a whole phrase?

<p>Holophrases</p> Signup and view all the answers

A child’s __________ vocabulary considerably exceeds their spoken vocabulary during infancy.

<p>receptive</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following early vocalizations with their descriptions:

<p>Cooing = Pleasurable sounds made between 2 to 4 months Crying = Initial form of communication from birth Babbling = Consonant-vowel combinations produced in the middle of the first year Gestures = Non-verbal signals to indicate interest or needs at 8 to 12 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Ecological View of Perception

Our perception is not just about building representations in our minds from sensed data. Instead, our perceptual system directly picks up information from the rich surroundings.

Affordances

Objects have inherent possibilities for interaction based on our abilities and limitations. For example, a chair offers the possibility of sitting, a door offers the possibility of opening.

Visual Acuity

An infant's ability to distinguish between fine details is initially poor at birth, but improves rapidly in the first few months. It is measured as a ratio, where a 20/40 vision means they see at 20 feet what an adult with normal vision sees at 40 feet.

Preference for Human Faces

From birth, infants show a preference for looking at faces, particularly their mother's face. This early interest in faces highlights the importance of social interaction even in early development.

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Color Vision Development

Infants develop the ability to perceive colors gradually. By 4 months, they can distinguish between some colors and even show preferences like adults.

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Facial Recognition in Infants

Infants can recognize and match voices to faces. They can differentiate between male and female faces, as well as faces from their own ethnic group and those from other ethnic groups. This shows early abilities for social and cultural recognition.

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Perception for Action

Perception is an active process designed for interaction with the world. We see, hear, and interact with our surroundings not just to understand them, but also to act within them.

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Primary Circular Reaction

A repetitive action that is based on the infant's attempt to reproduce an event that initially occurred by chance.

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What is a primary circular reaction?

A scheme based on the infant's attempt to reproduce an event that initially occurred by chance.

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Secondary Circular Reaction

The third sensorimotor substage, which develops between 4 and 8 months of age, where the infant becomes more object-oriented and less preoccupied with their own body.

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Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions

Infants' actions become more outwardly directed, demonstrating a coordination of schemes and intentionality. This is when babies become more intentional in their actions.

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What is the A-not-B Error?

The error that occurs when infants search for a hidden object in a familiar location rather than a new location.

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Tertiary Circular Reactions

The stage where infants become fascinated by the properties of objects and experiment with different actions to explore their effects.

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Internalization of Schemes

The ability to use internalized sensory images or words to represent events; allows infants to think about events without acting them out.

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What is Object Permanence?

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched.

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What is Operant Conditioning?

This type of conditioning involves learning through consequences—behaviors followed by a reward are more likely to be repeated.

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What is Attention?

The focusing of mental resources on select information, which improves cognitive processing.

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Size Constancy

The ability to perceive an object as the same size even though the image on the retina changes as the object moves closer or farther away.

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Shape Constancy

The recognition that an object's shape remains the same even when its orientation changes.

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Perception of Occluded Objects

Infants don't initially perceive objects that are partially hidden as complete; they only see the visible parts. This ability develops around 2 months, allowing infants to perceive occluded objects as whole.

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Depth Perception

The ability to perceive depth, allowing infants to understand that some surfaces are closer or farther away than others.

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Visual Cliff Experiment

A classic experiment that tests depth perception in infants. It features a clear platform with a 'shallow' side and a 'deep' side, creating the illusion of a drop-off. Most infants avoid crawling onto the deep side, demonstrating their ability to perceive depth.

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Binocular Vision

The ability to combine the images from both eyes to perceive depth and motion. This develops in the first 3-4 months of life.

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Stereoacuity

The ability to perceive fine details in depth. It develops rapidly after 1 year of age.

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Hearing

The ability to detect sounds from birth and to learn even before birth. This is demonstrated in experiments where infants recognize the mother's voice or specific sounds heard in utero.

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Other Senses During Infancy

Sensory systems like hearing, touch, smell, and taste develop rapidly during infancy, allowing infants to experience and learn about their environment.

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Vocabulary Spurt

The rapid increase in vocabulary that occurs around 18 months of age, when a child's vocabulary grows significantly.

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Overextension

The tendency to apply a word to objects that are not actually included in the word's meaning. For example, using "doggie" for all animals.

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Underextension

The tendency to apply a word too narrowly, using it only for a specific instance and not for other relevant objects or events. For example, using "boy" only for a specific boy.

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Telegraphic Speech

Short and precise sentences used by young children, lacking grammatical markers like articles and conjunctions.

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Two-Word Utterances

Phrases made up of two words, common in children's early speech. They convey meaning through gestures, tone, and context.

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Language Sound Recognition

The ability of infants to distinguish between sounds in their native language, becoming less sensitive to sounds not relevant to it.

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Prelinguistic Communication

Communication using sounds, expressions, gestures, and imitation without actual words.

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Babbling

A series of consonant-vowel combinations produced by infants starting around 6 months.

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Pointing

Pointing with the index finger extended at something interesting. It signifies understanding and social interaction.

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Holophrases

One-word utterances that represent a whole phrase, whose meaning depends on the context.

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Receptive Vocabulary

The words a child understands but doesn't yet speak.

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Spoken Vocabulary

The words a child can use to express themselves.

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Bayley Scales of Infant Development

A test that assesses infant behavior using five scales: cognitive, language, motor, socioemotional, and adaptive. It aims to predict later development.

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Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence

A test that evaluates an infant's information processing abilities using tasks like object encoding, similarity detection, and mental representation.

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Gesell Test

A test that measures four areas of development: motor, language, adaptive, and personal-social. It calculates a developmental quotient (DQ) for an overall score.

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Study Notes

Infancy Development

  •  Infancy encompasses the physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development of a child in their first year of life.
  •  Physical Growth and Development: - Newborns lose 5-7% of their body weight in the first few days, then rapidly gain weight (5-6 ounces/week). - By 1 year of age, weight triples, height doubles. - Head size is proportionally large at birth (1/4 of body), decreasing to 1/8 by adulthood. - Cephalocaudal principle: Head and upper body develop before rest of body. - Proximodistal principle: Growth from center outward, e.g. trunk muscles before arms - Brain development is rapid. - Brain growth peaks for vision in the 4th postnatal month.
  •  The Brain: - A newborn's brain is about 25% of its adult weight; 75% by 2 years. - 100-200 billion nerve cells. - Should be protected; preventing head trauma is critical. - Shaken baby syndrome: Brain swelling, hemorrhaging - Neuron changes: Myelination, connectivity, pruning.
  •  Mapping the brain: - Forebrain includes cerebral cortex. - Cortex contains two hemispheres. - Frontal lobe: Voluntary movements, thinking, personality, purpose. - Occipital lobe: Vision. - Temporal lobe: Hearing, language processing, memory. - Parietal lobe: Spatial location, attention, motor control.
  •  Neuron changes: - Myelination (axons encased with fat) begins prenatally and continues postnatally through adolescence. - Connectivity of neurons increases creating new pathways. - New dendrites and synaptic connections increase, speeding neural pathways. - Synaptic pruning happens as connections are no longer needed.
  •  Motor Development: - Infants develop skills like rolling, sitting, standing in a fixed order. - Reflexes (automatic and genetically based): - Rooting, sucking, grasping, startle (Moro) are important reflexes, in coordination of sensation and action, occurring in the first month. - Reflexes prepare for further skill development. - Gross motor skills: Large muscle activities like walking, sitting. - Progression milestones: Lifting head, rolls over, sits unsupported, crawls, stands with support, walks alone. - Fine motor skills: Small muscle activities, finger dexterity (grasping objects).
  •  Perceptual Development: - Perception: the interpretation of sensory information. - Sensory information interacts with sensory receptors-eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, skin - Infants begin to perceive that occluded objects are whole, develop the ability to track briefly occluded moving objects. - Visual Cliff experiments: Infants show depth perception at 2 months of age, with preference for familiar surfaces.
  •  Other Senses: - Infants can differentiate pleasant/unpleasant smells. - Infants recognize basic tastes (sweet, sour, bitter). - Hearing improves, infants are more responsive to high-pitched sounds.
  •  Intermodal Perception: - Ability to integrate info from two or more sensory modalities, such as vision and hearing occurs in newborns. - Coordinating visual and auditory information (infant looks where they hear caregivers voice).
  •  Perceptual-motor coupling: - Action guides perception. - Perception guides action - Infants learn coordination through movement and experience.
  •  Nature, Nurture, and Perceptual Development - Early perception has innate foundations in newborns but further development relies heavily on experience.
  •  Cognitive Development: - Young infants interpret the world as predictable. - Infants have a core knowledge of objects (they are substantial and permanent). - Infants can discriminate between different numbers of objects.
  •  Piaget's Theory of Infant Development: - Piaget's theory explains how biology and experience interact in cognitive development. - States that infants go through 6 stages, each with different characteristics and thought processes.
  •  Learning, Remembering, and Conceptualizing: - Conditioning modifies behavior based on consequences. - Attention plays an important part in memory. Encoding is how information gets into memory. - Infants demonstrate implicit and explicit memory. Implicit memory occurs earlier, whereas explicit memory becomes better established later.
  •  Imitation: - Infants can imitate others' actions from birth. - Infants demonstrate plasticity in imitation through several stages before their first birthday, involving increasingly sophisticated behaviors.
  •  Concept Formation and Categorization: - Infants organize information into categories based on shared properties (shapes, colours). - This simplifies their understanding of the world.
  •  Individual Differences and Assessment: - Infant assessment measures such as Bayley scales and the Gesell test have been vital in measuring individual differences. - These measures assess multiple domains of development.
  •  Language Development: - Infants recognize language sounds, and by 8 months they can also detect word boundaries.. - Important language milestones during infancy include crying, cooing, babbling, and uttering first words. - Children use words in simple phrases like “more milk” around a year and a half.
  •  Socioemotional Development: - Emotions (e.g., joy, anger, fear) are evident early in infancy - Infants exhibit stranger anxiety and separation anxiety. - Temperament is an enduring characteristic in behavioral styles, emotions, and responsiveness. - Early temperament can influence later development.
  •  Attachment: - Close and positive emotional bond between infant and caregiver. - Attachment occurs across phases from birth to 2 years.
    • Attachment is reciprocal- infants and caregivers impact each other during interaction. - Caregiver's response influences whether a baby forms a secure connection. - The type of attachment is consistently evident by age 2.

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Infancy: Physical, Cognitive, and Socio-emotional Development PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the typical vocabulary and developmental milestones of infants up to 18 months. This quiz covers topics such as vocabulary acquisition, visual acuity, and interaction opportunities in early childhood development.

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