Child Development and Brain Lateralization Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which skill group is a 6-year-old most likely to demonstrate confidence in?

Fine motor skills linked to complex tasks

Advanced cognitive skills and abstract thinking

Gross motor skills and basic fine motor skills (correct)

Social skills and emotional regulation

What developmental process primarily influences brain lateralization?

Dendritic growth

Neurogenesis

Myelination (correct)

Synaptic pruning

How does myelination impact the function of the reticular formation?

It enhances the regulation of sleep-wake transitions (correct)

It decreases neural impulse speed

It increases emotional reactivity

It limits attention spans

What negative health outcome is associated with excessive TV watching in children?

Obesity and reduced physical activity Signup and view all the answers

What is Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) linked to?

Traumatic events experienced or witnessed Signup and view all the answers

What are Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) primarily related to?

Traumatic events occurring before age 18 Signup and view all the answers

How can you determine if a child has achieved conservation?

They understand that alterations in appearance do not change quantity. Signup and view all the answers

Which brain structures show changes in children with PTSD?

Amygdala and prefrontal cortex Signup and view all the answers

What is linked to improved executive functions such as planning and decision-making?

Development of the frontal lobes Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is most often emphasized in effective sex education programs?

Relationship management and consent Signup and view all the answers

What are some identified risk factors for teenage pregnancy?

Low socioeconomic status and lack of parental guidance Signup and view all the answers

How do transsexual, transgendered, and two-spirited identities differ?

Transsexual refers exclusively to gender transition. Signup and view all the answers

At what developmental stage does the process of understanding sexual orientation typically begin?

Late childhood to early adolescence Signup and view all the answers

What types of eating disorders are currently recognized?

Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder Signup and view all the answers

What common factor is associated with adolescent suicide?

Feelings of hopelessness Signup and view all the answers

What key ability is an indicator of progression to the formal operational stage in children according to Piaget's pendulum task?

Systematic hypothesis testing of multiple variables Signup and view all the answers

What are common emotional effects on children following a contentious divorce?

Increased emotional distress and behavioral issues Signup and view all the answers

What central theme do Freud and Erikson both emphasize during the preschool period?

The role of early experiences in shaping personality Signup and view all the answers

Which skill is essential for successful cooperative play among children?

Empathy Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes gender schemas from gender scripts?

Schemas organize information, while scripts outline specific behaviors Signup and view all the answers

Which factors do young children primarily use to categorize others?

Observable traits and gender Signup and view all the answers

Which communication style does Maccoby associate with boys?

Agentic communication Signup and view all the answers

How do social conventions differ from moral rules?

Social conventions reflect social norms, while moral rules pertain to fairness and harm. Signup and view all the answers

What factor can lead to a shift away from authoritative parenting styles?

External cultural influences Signup and view all the answers

Which parenting style is characterized by high demands and low responsiveness?

Authoritarian parenting Signup and view all the answers

What is fundamental to the concept of emotional regulation?

Managing emotional experiences Signup and view all the answers

What criticism has been directed at Baumrind's parenting classifications?

They may not accurately represent diverse cultural practices. Signup and view all the answers

What dimensions did Maccoby and Martin introduce to refine Baumrind's parenting styles?

Responsiveness and demandingness Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive skills improve due to ongoing brain maturation in middle childhood?

Attention and problem-solving Signup and view all the answers

What does class inclusion refer to in cognitive development?

Recognizing relationships between categories Signup and view all the answers

What is inductive discipline?

Explaining the reasoning behind rules to foster understanding Signup and view all the answers

Divorce in families may be associated with what outcomes?

Increased behavioral problems in children Signup and view all the answers

What does Theory of Mind enable an individual to understand?

That others have beliefs, desires, and perspectives different from their own Signup and view all the answers

How does the false belief principle relate to Theory of Mind?

It indicates a higher level of understanding within Theory of Mind where incorrect beliefs are acknowledged Signup and view all the answers

What key aspect do neo-Piagetians emphasize in cognitive development?

The fluidity of cognitive development based on contextual factors and information processing Signup and view all the answers

What does Vygotsky propose about egocentric speech?

It develops into inner speech, aiding cognitive development Signup and view all the answers

What does overregularization refer to in child language development?

The incorrect conjugation of verbs and pluralization of nouns Signup and view all the answers

What advantage does speaking Chinese provide in mastering math skills according to Gladwell?

It has a structure that is logical and consistent, aiding numerical understanding Signup and view all the answers

What is one major concern regarding IQ test results for Indigenous children?

Standard IQ tests fail to recognize cultural differences in communication and problem-solving Signup and view all the answers

How is the line between delayed/disabled and gifted children characterized in terms of IQ test scores?

Scores above 130 categorize children as gifted, below 70 as delayed, with some overlap Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Developmentally, Which Skill Group Would a 6-Year-Old Demonstrate the Most Skill/Confidence in?

A 6-year-old typically demonstrates confidence in gross motor skills (running, jumping, throwing) and basic fine motor skills (writing, drawing) as they gain more control over their body and coordination.

Brain Lateralization is Motivated/Kick-Started by What Developmental Process?

Brain lateralization is influenced by myelination, where the axons of neurons are insulated, leading to more efficient neural communication and specialization of functions between the left and right hemispheres.

What Does the RF Do? (How Does Myelination Impact Function?)

The reticular formation (RF) is involved in regulating wakefulness and sleep-wake transitions.
Myelination enhances its function by increasing the speed of neural impulses, facilitating better attention and arousal.

What Does the QLSS Have to Say About the Long-Term Impact of TV Watching and Child Health?

The Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development (QLSS) indicates that excessive TV watching is linked to negative health outcomes, such as obesity, sedentary behavior, and reduced academic performance.

What is PTSD – What Do Scans of Its Impact in Children Show?

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition triggered by experiencing or witnessing traumatic events.
Brain scans often reveal changes in the amygdala (emotional processing) and prefrontal cortex (regulation of emotions) in children with PTSD.

What Are ACEs – Examples?

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) refer to traumatic events occurring before the age of 18, such as physical or emotional abuse, neglect, domestic violence, parental substance abuse, and mental illness.

What is Conservation – How Do You Know If a Child Has/Has Not Achieved It?

Conservation is the understanding that certain properties of objects remain the same despite changes in form or appearance (e.g., liquid in different shaped containers).
A child who has achieved conservation can explain why the amount of liquid remains constant, while a child who has not will focus on the appearance and say they are different amounts.

Distinguish Between Theory of Mind and “False Belief Principle.”

Theory of Mind is the ability to understand that others have beliefs, desires, and perspectives different from one's own.
The false belief principle refers specifically to the understanding that others can hold beliefs that are incorrect, demonstrating a more advanced level of theory of mind.

What Do Neo-Piagetians Like Case Have to Say About Cognitive Development (Where Do They Part Ways With/Improve On Piaget)?

Neo-Piagetians like Case emphasize the role of information processing and the importance of cultural and contextual factors in cognitive development.
They proposed that cognitive development occurs in stages but is more fluid than Piaget suggested, incorporating gradual improvements in specific areas of knowledge.

What Does Vygotsky Have to Say About the Appearance/Disappearance/Function of Egocentric Speech?

Vygotsky viewed egocentric speech as a form of self-guidance that helps children think through their actions and solve problems.
Over time, this speech becomes internalized as inner speech, aiding in cognitive development and self-regulation.

To What Does Overregularization Refer – Examples?

Overregularization is when children apply grammatical rules too broadly.
For example, saying "goed" instead of "went" or "mouses" instead of "mice."

According to Gladwell, What Advantage Does Speaking Chinese Give a Child When It Comes to Mastering Math Skills?

Gladwell argues that the structure of the Chinese language, which is more logical and consistent, allows children to develop numerical skills more intuitively, making it easier to grasp mathematical concepts.

Delayed/Disabled and Gifted – Where’s the Line So Far As IQ Test Scores Are Concerned?

IQ tests typically categorize scores above 130 as gifted and those below 70 as indicative of a learning disability or delay.
However, the line can be blurry, as some gifted children may struggle with specific learning challenges.

What Concerns Were Raised - Propositions Put Forward to Address - The Cultural Bias Associated With Indigenous Children’s IQ Test Results?

Concerns include that standard IQ tests may not account for cultural differences in communication and problem-solving.
Propositions include developing culturally relevant assessments and integrating traditional knowledge and skills into testing.

What Central Theme Around Development During the Preschool Period Do Freud and Erikson BOTH Agree On?

Both Freud and Erikson agree on the importance of early experiences and relationships in shaping personality and development during the preschool years, focusing on foundational psychosocial conflicts.

What Two Factors Do Young Children Rely On/Use When They Classify/Categorize People?

Young children often rely on observable traits (such as physical appearance) and gender as primary factors for classification.

Social conventions are rules based on social norms (e.g., saying "please"), while moral rules relate to fairness and harm (e.g., not hurting others).
Preschoolers may struggle to differentiate between the two, often viewing moral rules as more absolute.

Characterize Authoritarian, Authoritative, and Permissive Parenting (Where Does Each Vary the Most From the Other Two According to Baumrind)?

Authoritarian parenting is strict, with high demands and low responsiveness.
Authoritative parenting balances demands with warmth and responsiveness, promoting independence.
Permissive parenting is lenient, with few demands and high responsiveness.
The primary difference lies in the balance of control and warmth.

What Challenges to Baumrind's Parenting Style Classifications Have Been Identified (Among Which Groups and Why)?

Critics argue that Baumrind's classifications may not adequately represent diverse cultural practices and values, particularly in Indigenous and immigrant families where different parenting styles may be more effective based on communal norms.

Maccoby & Martin Added Two Dimensions (and One Parenting Style) to Baumrind’s Work – Identify Them.

Maccoby and Martin introduced responsiveness and demandingness as dimensions, identifying a neglectful parenting style (low demand and low responsiveness) in addition to Baumrind's three styles.

To What Does Inductive Discipline Refer – Examples?

Inductive discipline involves explaining the reasons behind rules and the consequences of actions to children, fostering understanding and empathy.
For example, telling a child that hitting hurts others helps them understand the impact of their behavior.

Divorce May Be Associated With What Outcomes?

Divorce can lead to increased emotional distress, behavioral issues, academic challenges, and difficulties in relationships for children, particularly if the process is contentious.

Cooperative Play Refers to What?– What Skill Is Essential For Success?

Cooperative play involves children working together towards a common goal, requiring skills like communication, negotiation, and empathy for success.

Distinguish Between Gender Schemas and Gender Scripts.

Gender schemas are cognitive frameworks that help children organize information about gender, while gender scripts are specific behaviors and expectations associated with being male or female.

Identify Then Distinguish Between Maccoby’s Two Styles of Communication (Which Gender Does He Associate With Each).

Maccoby identifies communal communication (associated with girls) that focuses on connection and emotional sharing, and agentic communication (associated with boys) that emphasizes assertiveness and independence.

What Factors Can Cause a Family Climate or Parenting Style to Shift Away From Authoritative Parenting?

Factors may include stress (financial, emotional), changes in family structure (divorce, loss), or external influences (social networks, cultural expectations).

What Is Emotional Regulation – Why Is It Important?

Emotional regulation is the ability to manage and respond to emotional experiences appropriately.
It's crucial for social interactions, mental health, and overall well-being.

What Cognitive Skills Improve Directly As a Result of Brain Growth and Development in Middle Childhood?

Skills such as attention, memory, problem-solving, and executive functions (like planning and organization) improve due to ongoing brain maturation and myelination.

What Is Class Inclusion?

Class inclusion is the understanding that a subclass (e.g., dogs) can belong to a larger category (e.g., animals) and involves recognizing relationships between different categories.

Cognitive Development for Piaget Focuses on What? (As Opposed to Siegler)

Piaget focuses on stages of cognitive development (qualitative changes) and the progression through these stages, while Siegler emphasizes the variability and flexibility of cognitive processes (more quantitative).

The Most Effective Sex Education Programs Focus on What?

Effective programs emphasize comprehensive education, covering not just biology but also emotional aspects, relationships, consent, and communication skills.

Identify The Risk Factors For Teenage Pregnancy.

Risk factors include low socioeconomic status, lack of access to contraception, early sexual activity, and limited parental guidance.

Distinguish Between Transsexual, Transgendered, and Two-Spirited.

Transsexual refers to individuals who transition from one sex to another, transgender encompasses a broader identity spectrum not limited to traditional binary notions, and two-spirited is a term used by some Indigenous cultures to describe a person embodying both masculine and feminine qualities.

At Which Stage of Development Does the Process of Achieving/Accepting Individual Sexual Orientation Usually Begin?

The process typically begins in late childhood to early adolescence, where individuals start to explore and understand their sexual orientation.

Identify The Different Types of Eating Disorders – Which Proposed Explanation Is Considered The Most Promising Right Now?

Types include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder.
The most promising explanation currently involves a multifactorial approach, considering biological, psychological, and social factors.

Identify The Universal Ingredient In Adolescent Suicide.

A common ingredient in adolescent suicide is feelings of hopelessness, often exacerbated by social isolation or lack of support.

What Is Piaget’s Pendulum Task? (What Can You Do At The Formal Operational Stage That You Couldn’t Do At The Concrete Operational Level?)

Piaget’s pendulum task tests a child's ability to systematically vary conditions to determine what affects the pendulum's swing.
Children at the formal operational stage can hypothesize and test multiple variables simultaneously, unlike concrete operational children who may focus on one aspect.

Ability Goals Refer To What? (Examples)

Ability goals refer to striving to demonstrate competence and outperform others, such as wanting to be the best in math or win a competition.

What Are The Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines For Youth 12-17 (As Regards Exercise, Screen Time, Sleep)?

[The text does not actually include the Canadian 24-Hour Guidelines]

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Description

Test your knowledge on child development and the influence of myelination. This quiz covers gross motor skills in 6-year-olds, brain lateralization processes, and the effects of myelination on the reticular formation. Explore how these concepts impact early childhood health and functionality.