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What does the Ecological Map illustrate?
What does the Ecological Map illustrate?
According to Urie Bronfenbrenner, what are the five interacting systems in the Bioecological Model of Human Development?
According to Urie Bronfenbrenner, what are the five interacting systems in the Bioecological Model of Human Development?
Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, Chronosystem
Kindergarten can be either public or private, but public kindergartens tend to have lower tuition costs.
Kindergarten can be either public or private, but public kindergartens tend to have lower tuition costs.
False
According to Jean Piaget, learners actively construct their own knowledge and understanding based on prior knowledge, experiences, and interactions with the world through the process of ________.
According to Jean Piaget, learners actively construct their own knowledge and understanding based on prior knowledge, experiences, and interactions with the world through the process of ________.
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What does pre-linguistic development (0-12 months) involve?
What does pre-linguistic development (0-12 months) involve?
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Which statement about a child's emotion is true?
Which statement about a child's emotion is true?
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Children over the age of 6 typically have a vocabulary of over 10,000 words.
Children over the age of 6 typically have a vocabulary of over 10,000 words.
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_______ is a natural emotion in children that involves feelings of envy, protectiveness, and resentment.
_______ is a natural emotion in children that involves feelings of envy, protectiveness, and resentment.
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Match the following emotional symptom with its corresponding description:
Match the following emotional symptom with its corresponding description:
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What is the definition of 'Morality'?
What is the definition of 'Morality'?
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What does Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development focus on?
What does Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development focus on?
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Moral Development in Early Childhood is solely based on individual experiences.
Moral Development in Early Childhood is solely based on individual experiences.
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In Kohlberg's theory, people progress through ______ levels, each consisting of ______ stages.
In Kohlberg's theory, people progress through ______ levels, each consisting of ______ stages.
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According to Erik Erikson, what is the first stage of psychosocial development?
According to Erik Erikson, what is the first stage of psychosocial development?
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During the Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt stage, toddlers explore their abilities and make choices.
During the Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt stage, toddlers explore their abilities and make choices.
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What does the Industry vs. Inferiority stage of psychosocial development in Erik Erikson's theory focus on?
What does the Industry vs. Inferiority stage of psychosocial development in Erik Erikson's theory focus on?
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According to Erik Erikson, the primary conflict in the Initiative vs. Guilt stage is children taking _______________ in play and social interactions.
According to Erik Erikson, the primary conflict in the Initiative vs. Guilt stage is children taking _______________ in play and social interactions.
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Match the sensory information with the corresponding sense:
Match the sensory information with the corresponding sense:
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What is assimilation in the context of adoption processes?
What is assimilation in the context of adoption processes?
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Define accommodation in the context of adoption processes.
Define accommodation in the context of adoption processes.
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According to Lev Vygotsky, learning should take place in isolation without any social interaction.
According to Lev Vygotsky, learning should take place in isolation without any social interaction.
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What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) according to Vygotsky's theory?
What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) according to Vygotsky's theory?
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Which stage of development is characterized by abstract reasoning ability and the ability to generalize from the concrete?
Which stage of development is characterized by abstract reasoning ability and the ability to generalize from the concrete?
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Match the following characteristics of language with their description:
Match the following characteristics of language with their description:
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What does ZPD stand for in Lev Vygotsky's theory? Zone of ________ Development.
What does ZPD stand for in Lev Vygotsky's theory? Zone of ________ Development.
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Do animals other than humans communicate with each other?
Do animals other than humans communicate with each other?
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At what age does Stage 5 of Post-conventional Morality typically begin?
At what age does Stage 5 of Post-conventional Morality typically begin?
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According to Stage 5, actions are right if they uphold the rights & values agreed upon by society. True or False?
According to Stage 5, actions are right if they uphold the rights & values agreed upon by society. True or False?
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Stage 6 of Post-conventional Morality is based on universal ethical principles such as justice, equality, and respect for human _______.
Stage 6 of Post-conventional Morality is based on universal ethical principles such as justice, equality, and respect for human _______.
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According to the content, children should be offered opportunities to care for pets. True or False?
According to the content, children should be offered opportunities to care for pets. True or False?
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Match the following parenting advice with the correct recommendation:
- Provide purposeful work
- Model respect when speaking to young children
- Discourage aggression
- Encourage cooperation
Match the following parenting advice with the correct recommendation:
- Provide purposeful work
- Model respect when speaking to young children
- Discourage aggression
- Encourage cooperation
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Study Notes
The Ecological Map
- The Ecological Map is a visual representation of the various systems that influence an individual's life and development
- Comprises 6 stages:
- Individual: Refers to the person themselves, including their characteristics, behaviors, and personal experiences
- Microsystem: The immediate environment in which an individual lives and interacts, such as family, neighbors, friends, school, and peers
- Mesosystem: The interconnections between different microsystems, like the relationship between a child's home and school
- Exosystem: External environments that indirectly influence the individual, such as parents' friends, extended family, local governments, or mass media
- Macrosystem: The broader societal and cultural context that affects an individual, including laws, politics, cultural values, and economic conditions
- Chronosystem: The influence of time and the timing of events on an individual's development over their lifespan
Urie Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Model of Human Development
- Includes 5 interacting systems: Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, and Chronosystem
- Emphasizes the role of biological factors in development, including genetics and other biological aspects that interact with the environment to shape development
- The developing child is at the center of the theory
- Helps explain why individuals may behave differently in different settings
Stages of Development
Infants (0-3 years)
- Factors affecting the newborn: Socioeconomic status, sibling position, home environment, maternity leave
- Who takes care of the child: Parents, grandparents, nursery, or nanny
- Nursery/Kindergarten Quality Criteria:
- Small class and group sizes
- Staff with higher education and continuing teacher training
- Low staff/teacher turnover
- Positive teacher-child interactions
- National accreditation and licensing standards
- Good health and safety practices
- UAE ECEC: Federal Authority for Early Childhood Education (2022) aims to develop and implement comprehensive plans to follow up on child development from birth to 4th grade
- Child Welfare in Abu Dhabi: Aims to include health and nutrition, child protection, family support, early care, and education
Principle of Early Intervention
- The sooner the better: identifying and addressing developmental delays or issues as soon as possible
- Family-centered: involving the family in the intervention process
- Multi/inter/transdisciplinary: requires a team of professionals from different disciplines working together
Early Childhood (3-6/7 years)
- Kindergarten:
- Public vs. Private Kindergarten: public kindergarten is run by the government, lower cost or free, curriculum set by authorities, while private kindergarten is independently run, tuition required, diverse curricula, and resources
- Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous Groups: homogeneous groups are grouped by age or gender, while heterogeneous groups are mixed-age or mixed-gender
- Quality of Education and Care: public kindergarten quality varies based on funding and local policies, follows government standards, while private kindergarten often offers smaller classes, specialized programs, and potentially higher resources
- Organized activities vs. Free Play: organized activities have rules and structure, led by adults or groups, while free play is unstructured, without adult direction, fostering creativity and self-discovery
Middle Childhood (6/7-12 years)
- Transition to School: a demanding moment that requires rapid learning and is socially regulated
- Readiness for School: skills, behaviors, and attitudes children need to succeed in formal education, including academic and non-academic abilities
- Things to prepare your child for school:
- Attend open days before school starts
- Organize play dates to meet other children
- Visit the school and meet the teacher
- Familiarize your child with the school surroundings
3 Levels of Development
- Individual: growth of specific skills and abilities, such as numerical concepts, skills in hearing, speech, and language, visual skills, motor skills, personal autonomy, and cognitive skills
- Relational: concerns a child's social and emotional growth, including behavioral and emotional skills, social interaction skills, and cooperation
- Contextual: considers environmental factors influencing development, including school/classroom, integration of the child in the peer group, and family
Cognition
- Defined as the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses
- Left hemisphere (analytic functions) vs. Right hemisphere (creative functions)
Intellect and Intelligence
- Intellect: an inborn ability, involves understanding and reasoning ideas objectively
- Intelligence: a term that describes a person who can acquire new skills quickly, absorb knowledge, and apply these abilities with ease
- Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences:
- Linguistic Intelligence/Verbal-Linguistic
- Logical-Mathematical Intelligence
- Spatial Intelligence/Visual-Spatial
- Musical Intelligence
- Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence
- Interpersonal Intelligence
- Intrapersonal Intelligence
- Naturalistic Intelligence
Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
- Constructivism: individuals construct their understanding, learning is a constructive process
- Learners actively engage with their environment, explore concepts, and build their own understanding through experience and interaction
- 3 Basic Components:
- Schemas: mental structures that organize groups of related concepts
- Adoption Processes: enable learning and transition from one stage to another through a child's interaction with the environment
- Equilibrium: when a child's understanding can explain what they perceive
- Assimilation: when new experiences or information fit easily into existing cognitive structures
- Accommodation: when existing schemas need to be adjusted or reorganized to incorporate new information
- Stages of Development:
- Sensorimotor Stage (birth-2 years)
- Preoperational Stage (2-7 years)
- Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years)
- Formal Operational Stage (12-15 years)
Lev Vygotsky's Social Constructivist Theory of Cognitive Development
- Highlights the role of social and cultural interactions in the learning process
- Knowledge is co-constructed, and individuals learn from one another
- Language is the ultimate social tool
- ZPD (Zone of Proximal Development): the gap between what a learner can do independently and what they can achieve with the guidance and support of a more knowledgeable person
- Jerome Bruner's Scaffolding: refers to the support provided by a more knowledgeable person to help a learner accomplish tasks or solve problems that are within their ZPD### Communication
- Language is a structured system of communication consisting of grammar and vocabulary.
- Humans are the only species to use complex language, but some animals can learn a human language to a limited extent.
- Characteristics of language:
- Symbolic: using words and signs to represent abstract concepts or objects not physically present.
- Productive: allowing for the creation of new meanings and expressions by combining symbols in various ways.
- Components of language:
- Symbols (phonemes, signs): basic units of sounds in spoken languages or signs in sign languages.
- Rules (syntax or grammar): structure and order of words to form meaningful sentences.
- Meanings (semantics): understanding and interpretation of words, phrases, and sentences.
- Context (pragmatics): social and situational factors influencing language use and interpretation.
Language Acquisition
- Infants can communicate as soon as they are born but cannot use language.
- Language acquisition is driven by the need for survival and attention from caregivers.
- Stages of language acquisition:
- Pre-linguistic (0-12 months): distinguishing speech sounds, developing physically, and learning to control muscles for speech production.
- Pseudo- or proto-conversations: mimicking conversation structures with caregivers.
- Building receptive vocabulary: recognizing words and understanding their meanings.
- Language errors (1-2 years old): over-extension and under-extension of words.
- First sentences (2-3 years old): grammar begins to emerge.
- Tell short stories (4-5 years old): using sentences with 4 or more words and growing vocabulary.
Social and Emotional Development
- Social development: ability to create and sustain meaningful relationships with adults and children.
- Emotional development: ability to express, recognize, and manage emotions and respond appropriately to others' emotions.
- Definitions of emotions:
- Mental states brought on by neurophysiological changes.
- Strong feelings deriving from circumstances, mood, or relationships with others.
- Emotions:
- Happiness: can be achieved through progress towards goals and positive input from sensory systems.
- Anger: normal and healthy emotion that can be expressed in non-aggressive ways.
- Jealousy: emerges before age 2, includes feelings of envy, protectiveness, suspicion, or resentment.
- Sadness and depression: periods of sadness are normal, but prolonged sadness can be a sign of depression.
- Fears: protective response, learning to cope with fears is a major part of emotional development.
- The struggle for independence: balancing dependence and autonomy throughout development.
Stress and Goals
- Stress: can be positive or negative, and can be a reaction to exciting or important events.
- Goals: specific objectives or outcomes to achieve within a certain timeframe.
- Types of goals:
- Long-term goals
- Short-term goals
- Values: strong beliefs that guide attitudes, behaviors, and decisions.
- Standards: define the boundaries, conditions, or approach to achieving goals.
Erik Erikson's Theory of Psycho-Social Development
- 8-stage theory that emphasizes social and cultural factors in shaping human development.
- Each stage presents a conflict that must be resolved for healthy development to occur.
- Stages:
- Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy, 0-1 year): developing trust and security.
- Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Early Childhood, 1-3 years): developing independence and challenging behaviors.
- Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool, 3-6 years): taking initiative in play and social interactions, balancing desires with social rules.
- Industry vs. Inferiority (School Age, 6-12 years): developing a sense of competence and mastery of tasks.### Psychosocial Development
- Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority (Middle Childhood, 6-12 years)
- Child masters formal skills, relates with peers according to rules, and progresses from free play to structured play.
- Homework is necessary, and the need for self-discipline increases yearly.
- A child who is trusting, autonomous, and full of initiative will learn easily and be industrious.
- A mistrusting child will doubt the future, while a shame and guilt-filled child will experience defeat and inferiority.
Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence, 13/14-20 years)
- Fidelity: The adolescent learns to answer the question "Who am I?" and explores and forms a sense of self, including values, beliefs, and life goals.
- Even well-adjusted adolescents may experience some role identity confusion and self-doubts.
- The young person acquires self-certainty, experiments with different constructive roles, and seeks leadership and ideals.
Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood, 18-40 years)
- Young adults form close relationships and commit to intimate partnerships.
- Love: The successful young adult can experience true intimacy - a close, personal relationship.
- The definition of intimacy is a close, personal relationship resulting from detailed knowledge of each other.
Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood, 40-65 years)
- Care: Adults contribute to society through work, family, and community involvement, fostering a sense of purpose.
- Generativity refers to the desire and ability to contribute positively to the next generation and society.
- Stagnation refers to a sense of feeling stuck, unproductive, or lacking purpose and growth.
Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair (Late Adulthood, 65+ years)
- Integrity refers to the ability to look back on one's life with a sense of satisfaction and fulfillment.
- Despair is characterized by feelings of regret, bitterness, and hopelessness about one's life.
- Wisdom: If the other seven psychosocial crises have been successfully resolved, the mature adult develops the peak of adjustment; integrity.
Perceptual and Motor Development
- Perceptual development involves the maturation of the senses and the brain's ability to interpret sensory information.
- Motor development refers to the progression of muscular coordination, control, and movement.
Newborn Development (0-3 years)
- Newborns:
- Weigh around 3.4 kg and are 40-50 cm long.
- Have a large head in proportion to the body.
- Boys tend to be longer and heavier than girls.
- Lose up to 10% of birth weight in the first few days and gain it back by day 14.
- Sleep up to 18 hours a day.
- Newborn senses:
- Are sensitive to pain.
- Prefer sweet tastes.
- Have well-developed hearing and respond to voice.
- Tolerate white noise.
- Vision is less well-developed.
Brain Growth and Development
- Neurons in infants:
- Contribute to the overall growth and maturation of the brain.
- Help infants learn to move, see, hear, and understand their world.
- Form connections in the brain that support skills like crawling and grasping objects.
- By 2 years, the brain is 80% of adult size.
- By 3 years, there are 1,000 trillion connections between neurons.
Body Growth and Development
- Principles of physical development:
- From head to toe.
- From the center to the periphery (towards outer edges/external).
- Prehension: the ability to grasp or hold objects using the hands.
- Types of grasp:
- Palmer grasp (using the whole hand).
- Intermediate grasp (more refined use of fingers).
- Mature grasp (precise use of fingers and thumb).
- Pincer grasp (using the thumb and one finger).
Toddler Development (1-3 years)
- Gross motor skills:
- Pushing and pulling, climbing, and squatting.
- Running, throwing, and dancing.
- Fine motor skills:
- Pointing at pictures.
- Picking up objects with a pincer grasp.
- Placing rings onto a stacking toy.
- Holding crayons and scribbling or making lines and circular shapes.
Morality and Moral Development
- Morality: the difference between right and wrong or good and bad behavior.
- Moral development: the process through which children develop standards of right and wrong within their society, based on social and cultural norms and laws.
- Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development:
- Divided into three levels, each consisting of two stages.
- People go through these six stages in order.
- Most children have a pre-conventional morality, and most adults have a conventional one.
- Only 20-25% of the adult population attains the post-conventional level of morality.
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Description
Learn about the adoption processes in child development, including equilibrium and assimilation, and how children interact with their environment to transition from one stage to another.
