Chemistry Study Guide Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is the study of the nature of matter called?

Physics

Chemistry (correct)

Biology

Geology

What occupies space and has weight?

Matter

What is metabolism?

The combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials

What is the pH scale?

A unit of measurement Signup and view all the answers

The pH scale ranges from to .

1-14 Signup and view all the answers

What is a pH level of 7 considered?

Neutral Signup and view all the answers

A pH less than 7 is considered to be an ____.

Acid Signup and view all the answers

An acid has a high level of what type of ion?

Hydrogen ion Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of an acid.

Vinegar Signup and view all the answers

A base is considered to be ____.

Slippery and has a pH level higher than 7 Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of a base.

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) Signup and view all the answers

What are bases?

Substances which combine with hydrogen ions Signup and view all the answers

What is an element?

A basic or fundamental substance which can't be broken down into a simpler form by ordinary chemical reaction Signup and view all the answers

What is an atom?

The smallest unit of an element that has the characteristics of the element Signup and view all the answers

What charge does a proton carry?

Positive electrical charge Signup and view all the answers

What charge does an electron carry?

Negative charge Signup and view all the answers

What is a neutron?

Doesn't have a charge, so it is neutral Signup and view all the answers

What is a solute?

The substance that is being dissolved in a solution which is the smaller amount Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of a solute.

The salt in a salt water solution Signup and view all the answers

What is a solvent?

Does the dissolving in a solution Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of a solvent.

The water in a salt water solution Signup and view all the answers

The solvent is usually a ____.

Liquid but can be a gas Signup and view all the answers

What is a suspension?

Mixtures where the solute doesn't completely dissolve Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of a suspension.

Children's Tylenol Signup and view all the answers

What does a buffer do?

Prevents or reduces change in pH Signup and view all the answers

Carbohydrates contain ____.

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen Signup and view all the answers

Proteins produce ____.

Muscle and energy Signup and view all the answers

Proteins are formed from ____.

Amino acids linked together by peptide bonds Signup and view all the answers

The 3 states of matter are ____.

Solid, liquid, and gas Signup and view all the answers

What is a solid?

Has definite shape Signup and view all the answers

What is a liquid?

Takes the shape of the container Signup and view all the answers

What is a gas?

Has no definite shape Signup and view all the answers

How do mixtures differ from compounds?

Combine chemically Signup and view all the answers

What are compounds?

Table Salt (NaCl), Water (H2O), Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Signup and view all the answers

What are mixtures?

Urine, Blood Signup and view all the answers

Name 5 characteristics of protoplasm which enable a cell to survive.

<ol> <li>Grows, 2. Reproduces, 3. Ability to move, 4. Makes metabolism, 5. Responds to changes in the environment</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is the symbol for Hydrogen?

H Signup and view all the answers

What is the symbol for Oxygen?

O Signup and view all the answers

What is the symbol for Carbon?

C Signup and view all the answers

What is the symbol for Nitrogen?

N Signup and view all the answers

What is the symbol for Calcium?

Ca Signup and view all the answers

What is the symbol for Sodium?

Na Signup and view all the answers

What is the symbol for Potassium?

K Signup and view all the answers

What is the symbol for Phosphorus?

P Signup and view all the answers

What is the symbol for Chlorine?

Cl Signup and view all the answers

What is the symbol for Magnesium?

Mg Signup and view all the answers

What is the symbol for Iron?

Fe Signup and view all the answers

What is the symbol for Copper?

Cu Signup and view all the answers

What is the symbol for Iodine?

I Signup and view all the answers

What is the symbol for Sulfur?

S Signup and view all the answers

What are the 4 elements that make up protoplasm?

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen Signup and view all the answers

What are the composition and parts of an atom and their charges?

Proton (+) and Neutron (Neutral) are in the nucleus and the electrons (-) are contained in the shell around the nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of reactions?

Synthesis, decomposition, exergonic, and endergonic Signup and view all the answers

What is synthesis?

Two or more simple molecules combined to form a more complex molecule Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chemistry Basics

Chemistry is the study of the nature of matter.
Matter is anything that occupies space and has weight; it can be living or non-living.

Metabolism and pH

Metabolism consists of chemical reactions that build up or break down materials in organisms.
The pH scale measures acidity or alkalinity, ranging from 1 to 14.
A pH level of 7 is neutral.
A pH below 7 indicates acidity, while a pH above 7 indicates a base.
Acids have a high concentration of hydrogen ions (H⁺), e.g., vinegar.
Bases are slippery and have pH levels higher than 7, e.g., sodium hydroxide (NaOH).

Atoms and Elements

An element is a fundamental substance that cannot be simplified by ordinary chemical reactions.
An atom is the smallest unit of an element that retains its characteristics.

Atomic Structure

Protons carry a positive charge.
Electrons carry a negative charge.
Neutrons are neutral, having no charge.

Solutions and Mixtures

A solute is the substance being dissolved in a solution; it is usually the smaller amount (e.g., salt in saltwater).
A solvent does the dissolving and is often a liquid (e.g., water in saltwater).
Suspensions are mixtures where the solute does not completely dissolve (e.g., children's Tylenol).
Buffers stabilize pH levels by preventing changes in acidity.

Biological Molecules

Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Proteins produce muscle and energy and are formed from amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
Three states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas.
Solids have definite shapes, liquids take the shape of their container, and gases have no definite shape.

Mixtures vs Compounds

Compounds consist of elements in definite proportions and are chemically combined.
Mixtures have no set proportions and can be physically combined (e.g., urine, blood).

Essential Elements

Key elements important for protoplasm include oxygen (O), carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and nitrogen (N).
Additional elements:
- Calcium (Ca)
- Sodium (Na)
- Potassium (K)
- Phosphorus (P)
- Chlorine (Cl)
- Magnesium (Mg)
- Iron (Fe)
- Copper (Cu)
- Iodine (I)
- Sulfur (S)

Atomic Composition

Atoms consist of protons (+) and neutrons (neutral) in the nucleus, with electrons (-) in shells around the nucleus.

Types of Chemical Reactions

Chemical reactions include synthesis (combining simple substances into more complex ones), decomposition, exergonic, and endergonic reactions.

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Description

Explore essential chemistry concepts with these flashcards. Each card provides definitions for key terms related to the nature of matter and metabolic processes. Perfect for studying fundamental chemistry principles!