Chemistry Quiz Review Flashcards

Solutions and Mixtures

• A solvent is the substance that dissolves a solute in a solution.
• A solute is the substance that is dissolved in a solution, forming a homogeneous mixture.
• A mixture consists of two or more substances physically combined but not chemically bonded, including heterogeneous and homogeneous types.

States of Matter

• Solid: Matter with a definite shape and volume.
• Liquid: Matter that has a definite volume but no definite shape.
• Gas: Matter with neither a definite shape nor volume.
• Phase refers to the state in which matter exists: solid, liquid, gas, or plasma.

Changes in Matter

• Physical change involves a change in phase or appearance without altering the substance's identity, often due to energy changes.
• Chemical change transforms a substance into a new one, altering its chemical structure.
• Evaporation is the surface vaporization of a liquid, while condensation is the process of a gas turning into a liquid.
• Sublimation occurs when a solid changes directly into a gas without becoming a liquid first.
• Phase transitions are indicated by specific temperatures:
  • Melting point: solid to liquid.
  • Freezing point: liquid to solid.
  • Boiling point: liquid to gas.

Properties of Matter

• Physical properties can be observed without changing a substance's identity, assisting in distinguishing different types of matter.
• Chemical properties describe how a substance behaves in reactions and how it forms new substances.
• Density measures mass per unit volume, indicating how compact a substance is.

Acid-Base Chemistry

• Acids are compounds that typically contain loosely bonded hydrogen ions and can donate protons in reactions.
• Bases contain oxygen and hydrogen, often accepting protons in reactions.
• pH is a scale used to quantify acidity or basicity, determining how strong or weak an acid or base is.
• An indicator is a substance that changes color in response to acids or bases, helping to visually determine pH levels.

Fundamental Concepts

• Element: The simplest form of pure substance consisting of only one type of atom.
• Compound: A substance formed when two or more different kinds of atoms chemically combine.
• Weight measures the gravitational force on an object, while mass denotes the amount of matter in that object.
• Volume is defined as the space an object occupies.

Unique Mixture Definitions

• Heterogeneous mixtures have visibly different substances or phases, while homogeneous mixtures have a consistent composition throughout.