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Questions and Answers
What does a logarithmic scale do when displaying data?
What does a logarithmic scale do when displaying data?
What is indicated by a pH level below 7?
What is indicated by a pH level below 7?
Which of the following statements best describes buffers?
Which of the following statements best describes buffers?
What condition does acidosis refer to?
What condition does acidosis refer to?
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What defines inorganic chemicals?
What defines inorganic chemicals?
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Which statement about salts is true?
Which statement about salts is true?
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Which of the following groups is not a type of carbohydrate?
Which of the following groups is not a type of carbohydrate?
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What are triglycerides primarily responsible for?
What are triglycerides primarily responsible for?
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What primarily determines the unequal sharing of electrons in polar covalent bonding?
What primarily determines the unequal sharing of electrons in polar covalent bonding?
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Which type of atom is typically involved in hydrogen bonding with polar molecules?
Which type of atom is typically involved in hydrogen bonding with polar molecules?
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In the molecular formula C6H12O6, what does the number '6' next to the 'C' signify?
In the molecular formula C6H12O6, what does the number '6' next to the 'C' signify?
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What do double lines in a structural formula represent?
What do double lines in a structural formula represent?
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What kind of reaction is represented by the equation AB + CD ↔ AD + CB?
What kind of reaction is represented by the equation AB + CD ↔ AD + CB?
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What occurs during a decomposition reaction?
What occurs during a decomposition reaction?
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Which statement correctly defines electrolytes?
Which statement correctly defines electrolytes?
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How is the pH scale characterized?
How is the pH scale characterized?
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What is a key difference between triglycerides and carbohydrates in terms of oxygen content?
What is a key difference between triglycerides and carbohydrates in terms of oxygen content?
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What is matter defined as?
What is matter defined as?
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What defines a saturated fatty acid?
What defines a saturated fatty acid?
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Which four elements make up 95% of the human body?
Which four elements make up 95% of the human body?
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Which component is found in phospholipids but not in triglycerides?
Which component is found in phospholipids but not in triglycerides?
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Which subatomic particle is responsible for determining an atom's bonding behavior?
Which subatomic particle is responsible for determining an atom's bonding behavior?
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What primarily determines the function of a protein?
What primarily determines the function of a protein?
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What occurs during the denaturation of a protein?
What occurs during the denaturation of a protein?
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What is the charge of a neutron?
What is the charge of a neutron?
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Which of the following correctly describes RNA?
Which of the following correctly describes RNA?
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What occurs when an atom gains or loses one or more electrons?
What occurs when an atom gains or loses one or more electrons?
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What is the primary role of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in cells?
What is the primary role of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in cells?
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What defines an isotope?
What defines an isotope?
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Which of the following statements is true about amino acids?
Which of the following statements is true about amino acids?
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How many electrons can the second shell of an atom hold?
How many electrons can the second shell of an atom hold?
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What distinguishes a cation from an anion?
What distinguishes a cation from an anion?
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Study Notes
Chemistry Fundamentals
- Matter is anything that has weight and takes up space (living and nonliving things).
- Four elements that make up 95% of the human body are Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen.
- Atoms are the smallest unit of an element.
- Atoms have a central nucleus with protons and neutrons, with electrons orbiting around the nucleus in shells.
- Protons are positively charged, and neutrons are uncharged.
- Electrons are negatively charged and much smaller than protons and neutrons. Protons and neutrons have about equal size.
- Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus.
- Electrons are located in the electron cloud surrounding the nucleus.
- Atoms that gain or lose electrons become charged ions.
- Cations are positively charged ions.
- Anions are negatively charged ions.
- Atomic number is the number of protons in an atom.
Chemical Bonds
- The electron determines the bonding behavior of an atom.
- Electrons orbit the nucleus in shells.
- The first shell holds up to 2 electrons, the second up to 8, and the third up to 18.
- Ionic bonding involves electrons being transferred from one atom to another.
- Covalent bonding involves atoms sharing electrons.
- Polar covalent bonding occurs when electrons are not shared equally.
- Hydrogen bonding happens between molecules, usually involving polar bonds.
Chemical Reactions
- Synthesis reactions create larger molecules from smaller ones.
- Decomposition reactions break down larger molecules into smaller ones.
- Exchange reactions involve molecules exchanging parts of their structures.
- Reversible reactions can go in both forward and backward directions.
- Catalysts speed up reactions without being consumed.
Electrolytes
- Electrolytes are substances that release ions in water.
- Examples of electrolytes include Salts, Acids, and Bases.
- Acids release Hydrogen ions in water.
- Bases release ions that combine with hydrogen ions in water.
pH Scale
- The pH scale is logarithmic, meaning the intervals between values increase exponentially.
- pH values below 7 indicate acidity (more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions). Lower pH means more acidic.
- pH values above 7 indicate alkalinity (more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions). Higher pH means more alkaline.
- Buffers help maintain a stable pH in body fluids by combining with excess acids or bases.
Inorganic Chemicals
- Inorganic chemicals usually dissolve in water and release ions, making them electrolytes.
- Water is the most abundant inorganic compound in living organisms.
- Water acts as a solvent, dissolving many other substances.
- Oxygen is needed to release energy from nutrients.
- Carbon dioxide is a waste product of energy-releasing metabolic reactions.
- Salts are compounds composed of positive and negative ions.
Organic Chemicals
- Organic chemicals contain both carbon and hydrogen.
- Carbohydrates provide energy and build cell structures.
- Lipids are insoluble in water and include triglycerides (energy storage), phospholipids (cell membranes), and steroids (hormones).
- Proteins are complex organic compounds built from amino acids, with diverse functions.
Nucleic Acids
- Nucleic acids, DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid), are the genetic material, which contain instructions for the synthesis of proteins. They are large organic molecules.
- Nucleic acids are made of nucleotides, which contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
- DNA is double-stranded.
- RNA is single-stranded.
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Description
Explore the basics of chemistry with this quiz covering matter, elements, atoms, and the structure of chemical bonds. Understand the roles of protons, neutrons, and electrons, and how they interact to form ions and bond with each other. Test your knowledge and solidify your understanding of these core concepts in chemistry.
