Chemistry Chapter 6 The Periodic Table

Questions and Answers

How did chemists begin to organize the known elements?

used the properties of elements to sort them into groups

How did Mendeleev organize his periodic table?

by increasing atomic mass

What is the periodic law?

when elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, there is a periodic repetition of their properties

How is the modern periodic table organized?

in order of increasing atomic number Signup and view all the answers

What are metals?

elements that are good conductors of heat and electric current; they tend to be ductile, malleable, and shiny Signup and view all the answers

What are nonmetals?

elements that tend to have properties that are opposite to those of metals Signup and view all the answers

What is a metalloid?

an element that has some properties in common with metals and some in common with nonmetals Signup and view all the answers

What are the three broad classes of elements?

Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids Signup and view all the answers

What is an alkali metal?

any metal in Group 1A of the periodic table Signup and view all the answers

What is an alkaline earth metal?

any metal in Group 2A of the periodic table Signup and view all the answers

What is a halogen?

any nonmetal in Group 7A of the periodic table Signup and view all the answers

What information can be shown in a periodic table?

symbols and names of the elements, along with information about the structure of their atoms Signup and view all the answers

What is a noble gas?

an element in Group 8A of the periodic table Signup and view all the answers

What is a representative element?

an element in Groups 1A through 7A Signup and view all the answers

What is a transition metal?

one of the Group B elements that is usually displayed in the main body of a periodic table Signup and view all the answers

What is an inner transition metal?

an element in the lanthanide or actinide series Signup and view all the answers

How can elements be classified based on electron configuration?

Elements can be sorted into noble gases, representative elements, transition metals, or inner transition metals based on their electron configurations. Signup and view all the answers

What is atomic radius?

one half of the distance between the nuclei of two atoms of the same element when the atoms are joined Signup and view all the answers

What are the trends among the elements for atomic size?

increases from top to bottom within a group and decreases from left to right across a period Signup and view all the answers

What is an ion?

any atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge Signup and view all the answers

What is a cation?

any atom or group of atoms with a positive charge Signup and view all the answers

What is an anion?

any atom or group of atoms with a negative charge Signup and view all the answers

How do ions form?

Positive and negative ions form when electrons are transferred between atoms. Signup and view all the answers

What is ionization energy?

the energy required to remove an electron in an atom Signup and view all the answers

What are the trends among the elements for ionization energy?

First ionization energy tends to decrease from top to bottom within a group and increase from left to right across a period Signup and view all the answers

What are the trends among the elements for ionic size?

Ionic size tends to increase from top to bottom within a group. Generally, the size of cations and anions decreases from left to right across a period. Signup and view all the answers

What is electronegativity?

the ability of an atom to attract electrons when the atom is in a compound Signup and view all the answers

What are the trends among the elements for electronegativity?

In general, electronegativity values decrease from top to bottom within a group. For representative elements, the values tend to increase from left to right across a period. Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for representative elements?

Group A Elements Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for transition metals?

Group B Elements Signup and view all the answers

What do cations form?

to form stable ions Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Organization of Elements

Chemists initially sorted known elements based on their properties into groups.
Mendeleev's periodic table was organized by increasing atomic mass.
Modern periodic table organizes elements by increasing atomic number.

Periodic Law

When elements are arranged by increasing atomic number, their properties repeat periodically.

Classification of Elements

Elements are classified into three broad categories: Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids.
Metals are conductive, ductile, malleable, and shiny.
Nonmetals possess properties opposite to metals.
Metalloids share characteristics of both metals and nonmetals.

Specific Groups of Elements

Alkali Metals: Found in Group 1A of the periodic table.
Alkaline Earth Metals: Located in Group 2A.
Halogens: Nonmetals in Group 7A.
Noble Gases: Elements in Group 8A.
Representative Elements: Found in Groups 1A through 7A.
Transition Metals: Group B elements displayed in the periodic table.
Inner Transition Metals: Elements in lanthanide or actinide series.

Information in the Periodic Table

Features symbols, names, and atom structure information for each element.

Electron Configuration Classification

Classification based on electron configuration includes noble gases, representative elements, transition metals, and inner transition metals.

Atomic Properties

Atomic Radius: Defined as half the distance between nuclei of atoms in a diatomic molecule.
Atomic size trends: Increases down a group and decreases across a period.

Ion Formation

Ions are charged atoms or groups of atoms.
Cations: Atoms or groups with a positive charge.
Anions: Atoms or groups with a negative charge.
Ions form through the transfer of electrons between atoms.

Ionization Energy

Ionization energy is the energy needed to remove an electron from an atom.
Trends in ionization energy: Decreases down a group and increases across a period.

Ionic Size Trends

Ionic size increases down a group and cations and anions typically decrease in size across a period.

Electronegativity

Electronegativity measures an atom's ability to attract electrons in a compound.
Electronegativity trends: Generally decreases down a group and tends to increase across a period for representative elements.

Group Synonyms

Representative elements are also known as Group A Elements.
Transition metals are also referred to as Group B Elements.

Formation of Cations

Cations are formed to achieve electron stability.

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Test your understanding of the Periodic Table concepts in Chemistry Chapter 6. This quiz covers how elements are organized, Mendeleev's contributions, and the periodic law that governs the properties of elements. Challenge yourself with these flashcards to reinforce your knowledge!