Chemistry Chapter 12 Review: Solutions

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Questions and Answers

What are solutions?

Homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances in a single phase.

What does soluble mean?

Describes a substance as capable of being dissolved.

What is a solvent?

The dissolving medium in a solution.

What is a solute?

The substance that is dissolved in a solution. Signup and view all the answers

In which phases can solutions exist?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is a solid solution?

A mixture of metals called an alloy, such as steel. Signup and view all the answers

What is a liquid solution?

Examples include salt water, sugar water, Kool-Aid. Signup and view all the answers

What is a gas solution?

The atmosphere. Signup and view all the answers

What is a suspension?

A mixture with large particles that settle out of a solvent. Signup and view all the answers

What is a colloid?

A mixture with intermediate size particles, also called an emulsion or a foam. Signup and view all the answers

What is an electrolyte?

A substance that dissolves in water to give a solution that conducts electricity. Signup and view all the answers

What is a non-electrolyte?

A substance that dissolves in water to give a solution that does not conduct electricity. Signup and view all the answers

What are the factors that affect the rate of solution?

Increasing surface area of the solute, agitating the solution, heating the solvent. Signup and view all the answers

What is solution equilibrium?

The state in which dissolution and crystallization occur at equal rates. Signup and view all the answers

What is a saturated solution?

Contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute. Signup and view all the answers

What is an unsaturated solution?

Contains less than the maximum amount of dissolved solute. Signup and view all the answers

What is a supersaturated solution?

Contains more dissolved solute than a saturated solution. Signup and view all the answers

What is solubility?

A measurement of how much solute will dissolve in a specific temperature. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'like dissolve like' mean?

Polar solvents dissolve polar solutes and non-polar solvents dissolve non-polar solutes. Signup and view all the answers

What is hydration?

The solution process with water as the solvent. Signup and view all the answers

What are hydrates?

Ionic compounds that have formed crystals incorporating water molecules. Signup and view all the answers

What does immiscible mean?

Liquids that are not soluble in one another. Signup and view all the answers

What does miscible mean?

Liquids that dissolve freely in one another in any proportion. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of pressure on solutions?

No effect on solid or liquid solutions, increases the solubility of a gas. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of temperature on solutions?

Increasing temperature increases solubility for solids and liquids; for gases, decreasing temperature increases solubility. Signup and view all the answers

What does Henry's Law state?

The solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas. Signup and view all the answers

What is effervescence?

The rapid escape of a gas from a liquid in which it is dissolved. Signup and view all the answers

What does solvated mean?

The solute particle is surrounded by solvent molecules. Signup and view all the answers

What is the enthalpy of solution?

The amount of heat absorbed when a specific amount of solute dissolves in a solvent. Signup and view all the answers

What is concentration?

A measure of the amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of solvent or solution. Signup and view all the answers

What is molarity (M)?

The number of moles of solute in one liter of solution. Signup and view all the answers

What is molality (m)?

The concentration of a solution expressed in moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. Signup and view all the answers

What is percent composition by mass (%)?

A concentration that expresses the percent of a solute in a solution. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Solutions

Homogeneous mixtures consisting of two or more substances in one phase.
Solutions can exist as solids, liquids, or gases.

Solubility Concepts

Soluble: Describes a substance that can be dissolved in a solvent.
Solvent: The medium that dissolves the solute, commonly water (e.g., water dissolving salt).
Solute: The substance that is dissolved in a solution.

Types of Solutions

Solid Solution: Mixtures of metals known as alloys (example: steel is an alloy of iron and carbon).
Liquid Solution: Examples include saltwater, sugar water, and Kool-Aid.
Gas Solution: The atmosphere is a prime example.

Mixtures and Colloids

Suspension: Contains large particles that settle out (e.g., muddy water, salad dressing).
Colloid: Intermediate-sized particles; includes emulsions and foams.

Electrolytes

Electrolyte: A substance that dissolves in water to produce a solution that conducts electricity.
Non-electrolyte: A substance that dissolves in water without conducting electricity.

Factors Affecting Solubility

Increasing the surface area of the solute enhances the rate of solution.
Agitation (stirring) promotes faster dissolution.
Heating the solvent generally increases solubility for solids and liquids.

Solution Types and Equilibrium

Saturated Solution: Contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute.
Unsaturated Solution: Contains less solute than the maximum.
Supersaturated Solution: Holds more dissolved solute than a saturated solution.
Solution Equilibrium: Occurs when the rates of dissolution and crystallization are equal.

Solubility Measurement

Solubility: The extent to which a solute can dissolve at a given temperature.
"Like dissolves like": Polar solvents dissolve polar solutes; non-polar solvents dissolve non-polar solutes.

Hydration and Hydrates

Hydration: The process of dissolving with water as the solvent.
Hydrates: Ionic compounds that contain water molecules within their crystal structure.

Miscibility

Immiscible: Liquids that do not mix or dissolve in each other (e.g., oil and water).
Miscible: Liquids that can mix in any ratio without separation (e.g., water and alcohol).

Effects of Pressure and Temperature

Pressure has no effect on solid or liquid solutions, but it increases gas solubility.
Increasing temperature typically increases solubility for solids and liquids, while lower temperatures increase gas solubility in liquids.

Key Laws and Phenomena

Henry's Law: Solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the gas's partial pressure above the liquid.
Effervescence: The rapid escape of gas from a liquid solution.

Solution Properties

Solvated: Refers to a solute particle surrounded by solvent molecules.
Enthalpy of Solution: The heat absorbed when a specific amount of solute dissolves in a solvent.

Concentration Measures

Concentration: Indicates the amount of solute in a solvent or solution.
Molarity (M): Number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
Molality (m): Moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
Percent Composition by Mass: Expresses the percentage of solute in a solution by mass.

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Test your understanding of solutions with this quiz covering key terms such as solute, solvent, and soluble. Each flashcard presents definitions to help reinforce your knowledge of homogeneous mixtures. Perfect for students looking to solidify their grasp of Chapter 12 concepts.