8/26/24 Lecture Study

Atoms consist of three main subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Protons carry a positive charge, neutrons are neutral, and electrons carry a negative charge.

Chemical compounds are formed through the chemical combination of two or more different elements.

Covalent Bond: Involves the sharing of electrons between atoms.
Ionic Bond: Involves the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, leading to the formation of charged ions.
Hydrogen Bond: Occurs in polar covalent compounds, where one atom has a partial positive charge and another has a partial negative charge.

Four main types of biological macromolecules: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
Each macromolecule plays vital roles in biological processes and structures.

A chemical reaction transforms one set of compounds into another, altering their chemical composition.

A catalyst is a substance that accelerates the rate of a chemical reaction without undergoing permanent change itself.
Activation Energy: The minimum energy required to initiate a chemical reaction.
Enzymes are biological catalysts that enhance the speed of chemical reactions in cells, lowering the activation energy required.

Chemical compounds consist of two or more elements that are chemically combined.
Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms.
Ionic bonds occur when electrons are transferred from one atom to another.
Hydrogen bonds form between molecules with polar covalent bonds, characterized by partial positive and negative charges.

Four main types of macromolecules: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
These macromolecules are essential for biological functions and structures.

A chemical reaction is a process that transforms one set of compounds into another.
Catalysts are substances that accelerate the rate of chemical reactions.
Activation energy is the minimum energy required to initiate a chemical reaction.

Enzymes act as catalysts in biochemical reactions, increasing reaction rates within cells.
Exergonic reactions release energy and are typically spontaneous, with higher potential energy than the products.
Endergonic reactions consume energy and are non-spontaneous, with lower potential energy than the products.
Endothermic reactions absorb heat, making their surroundings cooler (e.g., ice melting).
Exothermic reactions release heat, raising the temperature of their surroundings (e.g., combustion).

Energy is released or absorbed during the formation or breaking of chemical bonds.
Reactions that release energy often occur spontaneously and can drive biological processes.
Free energy quantifies the energy available to perform work when the system conditions are stable (e.g., in living cells).

Each enzyme specifically reacts with one or more substrates, reminiscent of a lock and key mechanism.
Enzymes can repeat their functions multiple times throughout various reactions.
Carbon's unique versatility allows it to form noble chains, leading to a vast array of organic compounds.
All organic compounds must contain carbon as a fundamental element.