Chemistry Basics for Anatomy and Physiology

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Questions and Answers

What defines an element in chemistry?

A molecule containing carbon

A combination of two or more atoms

The simplest type of matter with unique chemical properties (correct)

A substance that can exist in solid, liquid, or gas form

Which statement accurately describes the relationship between protons and electrons in an atom?

Protons and electrons are equal in number in each atom (correct)

Protons have a negative charge while electrons have a positive charge

Electrons are found in the nucleus while protons orbit around it

Protons are always greater in number than electrons

What is the primary definition of mass in a scientific context?

A measure of the object's density

The amount of matter in an object (correct)

The volume occupied by an object

Measurement of the gravitational force on an object

What role do neutrons play in an atom?

They have no electrical charge and contribute to the atomic mass Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between ionic and covalent bonds?

Ionic bonds involve transfer of electrons, while covalent bonds involve sharing Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the pH scale is accurate?

The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, where values below 7 indicate acidity Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes organic molecules from inorganic molecules?

Organic molecules contain carbon, while inorganic molecules do not Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following major biomolecules serves as the primary energy source in living organisms?

Carbohydrates Signup and view all the answers

What type of fat is characterized by having only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms?

Saturated fats Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sources is high in saturated fats?

Butter Signup and view all the answers

What are eicosanoids primarily derived from?

Fatty acids Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fat is noted for not contributing to cardiovascular disease?

Monounsaturated fats Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature distinguishes phospholipids from triglycerides?

They contain phosphorus instead of one fatty acid. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a role of cholesterol in the body?

Serves as a precursor for steroid hormones Signup and view all the answers

Which lipid is most closely associated with structural components of cell membranes?

Phospholipids Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the nonpolar end of a phospholipid?

Repelled by water Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of hemoglobin in the body?

Transport of oxygen Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins?

Energy storage Signup and view all the answers

What are the basic building blocks of nucleic acids?

Nucleotides Signup and view all the answers

Which type of RNA is primarily involved in gene expression?

Messenger RNA (mRNA) Signup and view all the answers

What does DNA primarily store?

Genetic information Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary result when ATP decomposes?

ATP is converted to ADP and inorganic phosphate, releasing energy. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes metabolism?

It encompasses all anabolic and catabolic reactions occurring in the body. Signup and view all the answers

Which reaction exemplifies an exchange reaction?

HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of enzymes in biochemical reactions?

They speed up reactions without being altered themselves. Signup and view all the answers

Kinetic energy is best described as:

Energy that is in motion and does work. Signup and view all the answers

In the ATP cycle, which statement is true regarding ADP?

ADP is produced when ATP breaks down and needs to be recharged. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes catabolism?

It refers to decomposition reactions that release energy. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the potential energy during the conversion of ATP to ADP?

Potential energy decreases as ATP is converted to ADP. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to H+ concentration as the pH number decreases?

It increases Signup and view all the answers

What pH level indicates acidosis in human blood?

Below 7.35 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds is considered inorganic?

CO2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of O2 in the human body?

To extract energy from food molecules Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of carbohydrates?

They have a H:O ratio of 2:1 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sugars is an example of a monosaccharide?

Glucose Signup and view all the answers

How is a disaccharide formed?

By joining two monosaccharides through a covalent bond Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of CO2 accumulation in cells?

It becomes toxic Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chemistry Overview

Chemistry studies the atomic composition, structure, and reactions of substances.
Matter is anything occupying space and has mass, classified as solid, liquid, or gas.
Mass refers to the amount of matter, while weight is the gravitational force acting on an object of mass.

Elements and Atoms

An element is the simplest type of matter with unique chemical properties (e.g., C, H, O, N, Ca, K, Na, Cl).
An atom is the smallest particle of an element, possessing its chemical characteristics and comprising protons, electrons, and neutrons.

Subatomic Particles

Protons have a positive charge and reside in the nucleus.
Electrons have a negative charge and orbit the nucleus.
Neutrons are neutral and also located in the nucleus.
Protons and electrons are equal in number within an atom.

Bonds and Reactions

Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons, while covalent bonds involve sharing electrons.
Enzymes are proteins that accelerate chemical reactions within the body.
Metabolism encompasses all anabolic and catabolic reactions, including catabolism which refers to decomposition.

Energy and pH Scale

Energy is the capability to perform work and exists in kinetic and potential forms.
The pH scale measures acidity and basicity, with human blood pH ranging from 7.35 to 7.45.
Acidosis occurs with a pH below 7.35, while alkalosis occurs above 7.45.

Organic vs. Inorganic Chemistry

Inorganic chemistry covers substances without carbon (e.g., O2, CO2).
Organic chemistry studies carbon-containing substances but excludes certain carbon compounds like CO2 and carbon monoxide.

Role of Key Molecules

Oxygen (O2) is crucial for cellular energy extraction; it comprises 21% of atmospheric gas.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a metabolic by-product from the decomposition of glucose and must be exhaled to prevent toxicity.

Carbohydrates

Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; structure follows a 2:1 ratio of H to O.
Monosaccharides are simple sugars; examples include glucose (C6H12O6) and fructose.
Disaccharides form when two monosaccharides bond.

Lipids

Saturated fats contain single covalent bonds; sources include red meat and dairy.
Unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds; sources include olive and fish oils, which are healthier for cardiovascular health.
Phospholipids make up cell membranes, exhibiting both hydrophilic (water-attracting) and hydrophobic (water-repelling) properties.
Steroids are characterized by four ring-like structures, with cholesterol serving as a precursor for other steroids and hormones.

Proteins

Essential for building skin, hair, nails, and muscles; act as enzymes and aid the immune system.
Hemoglobin functions in oxygen transport, and proteins like actin and myosin are key to muscle contractions.

Nucleic Acids

Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus; basic units are nucleotides.
DNA carries genetic information and dictates protein structure; RNA is involved in gene expression and protein synthesis.

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Description

This quiz covers the foundational concepts of chemistry relevant to anatomy and physiology. It includes definitions and distinctions between key terms such as matter, mass, elements, atoms, and types of chemical bonds. Test your understanding of the chemical basis of life with this comprehensive assessment.