Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 2 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is a base?

  • A substance that releases hydrogen ions in solution
  • A substance capable of binding with hydrogen ions (correct)
  • A proton acceptor (correct)
  • A proton donor

What is chemical energy?

Energy stored in the bonds of chemical substances.

What are fatty acids?

Linear chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms with an organic acid group at one end.

What is radiant energy?

<p>Energy form that travels in waves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a carbohydrate?

<p>Organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an organic compound?

<p>Any compound composed of carbon atoms held together by covalent bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a chemical bond?

<p>An energy relationship holding atoms together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is dehydration synthesis?

<p>Process by which a large molecule is synthesized by covalently bonding smaller molecules together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are nucleic acids?

<p>Class of organic molecules that includes DNA and RNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a lipid?

<p>Organic compound formed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; examples are fats and cholesterol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are steroids?

<p>Group of chemical substances including certain hormones and cholesterol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a decomposition reaction?

<p>Chemical reaction in which a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules or its constituent atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is mechanical energy?

<p>The energy directly involved in moving matter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is radioactivity?

<p>The process of spontaneous decay seen in some heavier isotopes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a covalent bond?

<p>Chemical bond created by electron sharing between atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is atomic mass number?

<p>Sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an acid?

<p>A substance that releases hydrogen ions when in solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an ionic bond?

<p>Chemical bond formed by electron transfer between atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an atomic symbol?

<p>The one- or two-letter symbol used to indicate an element.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is atomic number?

<p>The number of protons in an atom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an element?

<p>One of a limited number of unique varieties of matter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disaccharide?

<p>Literally, double sugar; e.g., sucrose, lactose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a salt?

<p>Ionic compound that dissociates into charged particles when dissolved in water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is glycogen?

<p>Main carbohydrate stored in animal cells; a polysaccharide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are polar molecules?

<p>Nonsymmetrical molecules that contain electrically unbalanced atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a polypeptide?

<p>A chain of amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is atomic weight?

<p>The average of the mass numbers of all the isotopes of an element.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is kinetic energy?

<p>The energy of motion or movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a neutron?

<p>Uncharged subatomic particle found in the atomic nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a hydrogen bond?

<p>Weak bond in which a hydrogen atom forms a bridge between two electron-hungry atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a molecule?

<p>Particle consisting of two or more atoms joined together by chemical bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cholesterol?

<p>Steroid found in animal fats and body tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is electrical energy?

<p>Energy formed by the movement of charged particles across cell membranes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an exchange (displacement) reaction?

<p>Chemical reaction in which bonds are both made and broken.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a phospholipid?

<p>Modified lipid containing phosphorus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a radioisotope?

<p>Isotope that exhibits radioactive behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a nucleotide?

<p>Building block of nucleic acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hydrolysis?

<p>Process in which water is used to split a substance into smaller particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a compound?

<p>Substance composed of two or more different elements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an amino acid?

<p>Organic compound containing nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a monosaccharide?

<p>Literally, one sugar; building block of carbohydrates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does pH measure?

<p>Hydrogen ion concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is energy?

<p>The capacity to do work.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a proton?

<p>Subatomic particle that bears a positive charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are isotopes?

<p>Different atomic forms of the same element.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an atom?

<p>The smallest part of an element.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are triglycerides?

<p>Fats and oils composed of fatty acids and glycerol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a polysaccharide?

<p>Literally, many sugars; a polymer of linked monosaccharides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is protein?

<p>Complex substance containing carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a valence shell?

<p>Outermost electron shell of an atom that contains electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an electron?

<p>Negatively charged subatomic particle orbiting the atom's nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is glucose?

<p>Principal blood sugar; a hexose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a synthesis reaction?

<p>Chemical reaction in which larger, more complex atoms or molecules are formed from simpler ones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is matter?

<p>Anything that occupies space and has mass.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?

<p>Organic molecule that stores and releases chemical energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an inorganic compound?

<p>Chemical substances that do not contain carbon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an ion?

<p>Atom with a positive or negative electric charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is glycerol?

<p>A modified simple sugar (a sugar alcohol).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a chemical reaction?

<p>Process in which molecules are formed, changed, or broken down.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Base

A substance that accepts hydrogen ions (proton acceptor).

Chemical energy

Energy stored within the bonds of chemical substances.

Fatty acid

Hydrocarbon chains with an organic acid group.

Radiant energy

Energy that travels in waves (e.g., light).

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Carbohydrate

Organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

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Organic compound

Compounds mainly containing carbon, bonded together.

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Chemical bond

Force holding atoms together.

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Dehydration synthesis

Combines smaller molecules into larger ones, removing water.

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Nucleic acid

Organic molecules like DNA and RNA; carry genetic information.

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Lipid

Organic compound mainly from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, including fats and cholesterol.

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Steroid

Chemically structured lipids (hormones) that are fat-soluble with minimal oxygen.

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Decomposition reaction

Breakdown of a molecule into smaller units.

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Mechanical energy

Energy used in performing work.

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Radioactivity

Decay of unstable isotopes emitting energy or particles.

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Covalent bond

Atoms sharing electrons.

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Ionic bond

Atoms transfer electrons.

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Atomic mass number

Total protons + neutrons in an atom's nucleus.

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Acid

A substance that releases hydrogen ions in a solution; it's a proton donor.

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Atomic symbol

One or two-letter abbreviation for an element.

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Atomic number

Number of protons in an atom.

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Element

Fundamental type of matter, like carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

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Disaccharide

Sugar made from two monosaccharides.

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Salt

Ionic compound that dissociates (separates) into charged particles (ions) in water.

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Glycogen

Primary storage form of carbohydrates in animals; a polysaccharide.

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Polar molecule

Molecules with uneven charge distribution.

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Study Notes

Basic Chemistry Concepts

  • Base: Substance that accepts hydrogen ions; acts as a proton acceptor.
  • Chemical energy: Energy contained within the bonds of chemical substances.
  • Fatty acids: Hydrocarbon chains with an organic acid group; essential fat components.
  • Radiant energy: Energy that propagates in wave form; includes light.
  • Carbohydrate: Organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; includes sugars and starches.
  • Organic compound: Compounds primarily containing carbon; structured by covalent bonds.

Chemical Interactions

  • Chemical bond: Force holding atoms together, typically involving electron interactions.
  • Dehydration synthesis: Process forming a larger molecule by combining smaller ones, releasing water.
  • Nucleic acid: Organic molecules including DNA and RNA, essential for genetic information.
  • Lipid: Organic compound formed mainly from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; includes fats and cholesterol.
  • Steroids: Chemically structured lipids that include hormones; fat-soluble with minimal oxygen.

Chemical Reactions

  • Decomposition reaction: Breakdown of a molecule into smaller units or atoms.
  • Mechanical energy: Energy used in performing work, such as cycling.
  • Radioactivity: Decay process of unstable isotopes, emitting particles/energy.
  • Covalent bond: Bond formed from electron sharing between atoms.
  • Ionic bond: Bond arising from the transfer of electrons between atoms.

Atomic Structure

  • Atomic mass number: Total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.
  • Acid: Substance that releases hydrogen ions in solution; functions as a proton donor.
  • Atomic symbol: One or two-letter abbreviation representing an element.
  • Atomic number: Number of protons in an atomic nucleus; unique for each element.

Molecules and Compounds

  • Element: Fundamental types of matter; includes carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
  • Disaccharide: Sugar molecule formed from two monosaccharide units; examples include sucrose and lactose.
  • Salt: Ionic compound that dissociates into charged particles in water.
  • Glycogen: Primary storage form of carbohydrates in animals; polysaccharide.
  • Polar molecules: Molecules with uneven distribution of charge, resulting in partial charges.

Proteins and Amino Acids

  • Polypeptide: Chain formed by linking amino acids; the structure of proteins.
  • Amino acid: Organic compounds serving as the building blocks of proteins; contain nitrogen.
  • Protein: Complex molecules consisting of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; constitutes a significant part of cell mass.

Energy Forms and Reactions

  • Kinetic energy: Energy associated with motion; includes movement of atoms.
  • Potential energy: Stored energy that can perform work when released.
  • Hydrolysis: Process that uses water to break down compounds into smaller particles.
  • Synthesis reaction: Reaction combining simpler substances into more complex molecules.

Isotopes and Radioisotopes

  • Isotopes: Variants of the same element differing in neutron count; heavier forms may be radioactive.
  • Radioisotope: Isotopes that undergo radioactive decay and emit energy.

Miscellaneous Concepts

  • Matter: Anything with mass that occupies space.
  • Energy: The capacity to do work, existing in stored (potential) and active (kinetic) forms.
  • Phospholipid: Lipid with phosphate, important in cell membrane structure.
  • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP): Molecule essential for energy transfer within cells.
  • Ion: Charged atom, resulting from the loss or gain of electrons.

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Test your knowledge on basic chemistry concepts relevant to Anatomy and Physiology. This quiz features key terms such as bases, chemical energy, and fatty acids, providing a foundation for understanding biochemical processes. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their learning in this important chapter.

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