Chemical Level of Organization Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which element is typically found in most biomolecules?

  • Oxygen (correct)
  • Phosphorus
  • Hydrogen
  • Iron

Which of the following is NOT a monomer of carbohydrates?

  • Amino acids (correct)
  • Galactose
  • Fructose
  • Glucose

What is the primary storage form of glucose in animals?

  • Starch
  • Glycogen (correct)
  • Chitin
  • Cellulose

What is the molecular ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in carbohydrates?

<p>2:1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a disaccharide?

<p>Sucrose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of energy is associated with the movement of charged particles?

<p>Electrical energy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of enzymes in chemical reactions?

<p>They speed up the reaction and lower energy costs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when all enzymes become busy during a reaction?

<p>Saturation occurs and more enzymes are needed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which form of energy involves stored energy based on position?

<p>Potential energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about the conversion of energy during reactions?

<p>Some energy is always lost as heat during conversion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to an enzyme when an inhibitor is added?

<p>The inhibitor changes the enzyme's active site, preventing function. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of water that contributes to its high specific heat?

<p>Hydrogen bonds holding water molecules close together. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is water considered a good lubricant?

<p>It reduces friction between molecules. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does water's unique property of solubility affect its role as a solvent?

<p>It allows for the creation of uniform mixtures with solutes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when water evaporates from the body?

<p>It decreases the body's heat due to the loss of energy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is formed when two oxygen atoms come together?

<p>nonpolar covalent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the reaction between Na and Cl, which statement correctly describes the electron transfer?

<p>Na will give up one electron; Cl will accept one electron (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is characteristic of organic compounds?

<p>They typically contain carbon and hydrogen. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do chemical reactions occur?

<p>By forming new bonds or breaking existing ones. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of chemical reaction involves the formation of a single product from multiple reactants?

<p>Combination reaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor does NOT influence the rate of chemical reactions?

<p>Volume of reactants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of reaction are molecules broken down into smaller molecules?

<p>Decomposition reactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do enzymes play in chemical reactions?

<p>They increase the rate of reactions without changing themselves. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is formed when two or more atoms are held together by a bond?

<p>Molecule (C), Compound (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes cations?

<p>They result from atoms losing one or more electrons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is characterized by the sharing of electrons between atoms?

<p>Covalent bond (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what type of covalent bond are electrons shared unequally between atoms?

<p>Polar covalent bond (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do hydrogen bonds primarily differ from ionic bonds?

<p>Hydrogen bonds are weaker individually than ionic bonds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When sodium chloride (NaCl) is placed in water, _____.

<p>Na+ and Cl- dissociate into separate ions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of molecule is water due to its polar bonds?

<p>Polar molecule (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about ionic compounds is true?

<p>They form due to the attraction of oppositely charged ions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect differentiates isotopes from one another?

<p>They have different atomic masses. (A), They have different numbers of neutrons. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following subatomic particles has no charge?

<p>Neutrons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many electrons can the first electron shell hold?

<p>2 electrons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition must be met for an atom to be considered chemically stable?

<p>The valence shell must contain 8 electrons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the atomic mass of an atom calculated from?

<p>Number of protons and neutrons combined. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do electrons play in the chemical reactivity of an atom?

<p>They help form bonds to achieve a full valence shell. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a major element found in the human body?

<p>Calcium (Ca) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to atoms when they do not have a full valence shell?

<p>They form bonds to become more stable. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is an atom?

The smallest stable non-living unit that makes up all matter.

What is the nucleus?

The center of an atom, containing protons and neutrons.

What is a proton?

A subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom, with a positive charge (+1) and a mass of one atomic mass unit (amu).

What is a neutron?

A subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom, with no charge (neutral) and a mass of one atomic mass unit (amu).

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What is an electron?

A subatomic particle that orbits the nucleus of an atom, with a negative charge (-1) and a very small mass (approximately 1/1800th of an atomic mass unit).

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What is the atomic number?

The total number of protons in an atom's nucleus.

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What is the atomic mass?

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.

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What is an isotope?

A form of an element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.

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Molecule

A group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.

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Compound

A substance formed when two or more different types of atoms bond together.

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Ion

An atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the gain or loss of electrons.

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Ionic bond

A bond formed by the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.

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Covalent bond

A bond formed when two atoms share electrons.

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Nonpolar Covalent Bond

A type of covalent bond where electrons are shared equally between atoms.

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Polar Covalent Bond

A type of covalent bond where electrons are shared unequally between atoms.

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Hydrogen Bond

A weak attraction between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a highly electronegative atom (like oxygen or nitrogen) and a lone pair of electrons on another electronegative atom.

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Combination reaction

A chemical reaction where two or more reactants combine to form a larger product.

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Decomposition reaction

A chemical reaction where a molecule breaks down into smaller components.

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Exchange reaction

A chemical reaction involving bond breaking and formation. One reactant's component replaces another's.

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Catalyst

Any substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being permanently altered.

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Enzymes

Biological catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions in living organisms.

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Metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a living organism.

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What is energy?

The capacity to do work, or the ability to cause change.

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What is work?

The movement or change that is caused by energy.

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What is potential energy?

Energy stored due to an object's position or arrangement.

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What is kinetic energy?

Energy that results from an object's motion.

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What is an enzyme?

A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed or changed in the process.

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Polymers

Large molecules made up of repeating smaller subunits called monomers.

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Monosaccharides

Simple sugars, the building blocks of carbohydrates.

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Glucose

The primary source of energy for our bodies, a simple sugar.

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What happens to an enzyme when it is denatured?

Enzymes lose their specific shape and therefore lose their function.

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Glycogen

A complex carbohydrate that stores glucose in animals, mainly in the liver and muscles.

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Disaccharide

A type of carbohydrate that consists of two simple sugars linked together.

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How do inhibitors affect enzyme activity?

Inhibitors bind to an enzyme and change its shape, preventing it from working properly.

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What makes water a polar molecule?

Water is a polar molecule, meaning it has a positive and a negative end due to uneven sharing of electrons.

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Why does water have a high specific heat?

Water molecules form hydrogen bonds, which make them stick together, giving water its high specific heat. This allows water to resist changes in temperature.

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Why is water called the "universal solvent"?

Because of its polarity, water can dissolve many substances, making it the "universal solvent."

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Study Notes

Chemical Level of Organization

  • Atoms, molecules, elements, and compounds are key components of the chemical level of organization
  • Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter, composed of protons (+ charge), neutrons (0 charge), and electrons (- charge)
  • Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus, while electrons orbit the nucleus in electron shells
  • Atoms have a neutral charge (number of protons = number of electrons)
  • The number of electrons in the outermost shell (valence shell) determines an atom’s chemical stability
  • Atoms are reactive if their outermost shell is not full
  • Atoms gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a complete valence shell (octet rule)
  • Atoms that gain or lose electrons convert to ions (cations for positive, and anions for negative ions)
  • Chemical bonds (ionic, covalent, hydrogen) form between atoms to create molecules and compounds
  • Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons between atoms
  • Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms (Polar covalent and Nonpolar covalent)
  • Hydrogen bonds form between molecules, not atoms
  • Water is a vital substance due to its properties of high specific heat, thermal inertia and solubility
    • Water is polar, an excellent solvent, and critical for many biological processes.
  • Several terms define mixtures in water (solution, solute, solvent, colloid, suspension)
  • Water's unique properties profoundly impact biological systems
  • pH, acids, and bases describe the level of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution
  • Buffers help control pH fluctuations in biological systems
  • Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in cells by lowering the activation energy
  • Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids are crucial biological macromolecules essential to life's processes.
  • These macromolecules have specific building blocks (monomers) and can form larger structures (polymers) to perform various functions in the body

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Chapter 2 The Chemical Level of Organization - PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the chemical level of organization, focusing on atoms, molecules, elements, and compounds. This quiz covers the structure of atoms, types of chemical bonds, and the role of valence electrons in chemical stability. Challenge yourself with questions about the fundamental concepts of chemistry!

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