Lecture 2: Chemical Organization Level
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Questions and Answers

Which property of water allows it to absorb a significant amount of energy before increasing in temperature?

  • Being a solvent
  • Expanding upon freezing
  • Cohesion
  • Moderating temperature (correct)

    • Solid water (ice) is denser than liquid water.

    False

    What is the pH range that blood must be maintained within?

    7.35 to 7.45

    Water is a ______ molecule, allowing it to dissolve polar and charged substances.

    <p>polar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Cohesion = The tendency of molecules to stick to each other Hydrophilic = Substances that dissolve easily in water Hydrophobic = Substances that do not dissolve in water Buffers = Substances that minimize changes in pH levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason freshwater organisms can survive in icy conditions during winter?

    <p>Water expands upon freezing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrogen bonds in water molecules are essential for life.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do we call the phenomenon where water molecules stick to one another?

    <p>Cohesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fats are primarily made up of saturated fatty acids?

    <p>Saturated fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phospholipids are completely hydrophobic molecules.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main structural feature of steroids?

    <p>Four fused carbon rings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sterols are steroids with at least one _______ group.

    <p>hydroxyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of fats with their examples:

    <p>Monounsaturated fats = Canola oil Polyunsaturated fats = Corn oil Saturated fats = Butter Steroids = Cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of fatty acid?

    <p>Hydrophobic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fat-soluble vitamins include vitamins A and C.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the monomers of proteins called?

    <p>Amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eicosanoids are _______ carbon compounds.

    <p>20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a function of cholesterol in biological membranes?

    <p>Fluidity buffer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is formed between amino acids during dehydration synthesis?

    <p>Peptide bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary structure of proteins is their three-dimensional shape.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do we call the structure that results from multiple polypeptide chains in a protein?

    <p>Quaternary structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fibrous proteins, such as __________, are water-insoluble and form long parallel bundles.

    <p>keratin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of protein is characterized as being round or 'blob-like' and water-soluble?

    <p>Globular proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrogen bonds stabilize the tertiary structure of proteins.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the primary structure of a protein?

    <p>Gene sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When proteins lose their structure and become biologically inactive, they are said to be __________.

    <p>denatured</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of ATP in cells?

    <p>Energy currency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following protein structures with their descriptions:

    <p>Primary Structure = Amino acid sequence Secondary Structure = Repeated folds like α-helices or β-sheets Tertiary Structure = Three-dimensional shape Quaternary Structure = Arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ATP is produced by endergonic cellular reactions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bond is formed between sulfhydryl groups in proteins?

    <p>Disulfide bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is released during the hydrolysis of ATP?

    <p>energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ATP is synthesized by ATP extbf{______} during aerobic cellular respiration.

    <p>synthase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the biological molecules with their correct class:

    <p>Glucose = Carbohydrates Collagen = Proteins DNA = Nucleic acids Triglycerides = Lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the structure of DNA?

    <p>Double helix with deoxyribose sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    RNA contains thymine (T) as one of its nitrogenous bases.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the monomers of nucleic acids called?

    <p>nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the DNA double helix, the backbone consists of phosphate groups and __________.

    <p>pentose sugars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of RNA with its primary function:

    <p>mRNA = Encodes messages from genes rRNA = Part of the ribosome structure tRNA = Brings amino acids during translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event occurs when DNA is being copied?

    <p>Replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Genes are made of RNA.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of nucleic acids mentioned?

    <p>DNA and RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In DNA, adenine pairs with __________.

    <p>thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a mutation?

    <p>A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organic molecule is specifically made up of only carbon and hydrogen?

    <p>Hydrocarbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monosaccharides are the monomers of proteins.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are functional groups?

    <p>Atoms or molecules attached to the carbon skeleton of organic molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are the four classes of biological __________.

    <p>monomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of biological macromolecules with their respective examples:

    <p>Carbohydrates = Glucose Lipids = Triglycerides Proteins = Enzymes Nucleic acids = DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of different chemical structures in organic molecules?

    <p>Different chemical properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Polymers are made by linking monomers through dehydration synthesis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Steroid hormones are modified structures based on __________.

    <p>cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fats includes olive oil and avocado oil?

    <p>Monounsaturated fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Saturated fats contain mostly unsaturated fatty acids.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of cholesterol in biological membranes?

    <p>Important fluidity buffer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phospholipids consist of a glycerol backbone covalently linked to two fatty acids and a __________ group.

    <p>phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of lipids with their characteristics:

    <p>Steroids = Formed by four fused carbon rings Phospholipids = Amphipathic molecules Eicosanoids = 20-carbon compounds involved in immune signaling Fat-soluble vitamins = Includes vitamins D, E, and K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fatty acids are found in fatty fish oils?

    <p>Polyunsaturated fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eicosanoids are 10-carbon compounds.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the monomers of proteins called?

    <p>Amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sterols are defined as steroids with at least one __________ group.

    <p>hydroxyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of proteins?

    <p>Consist of four fused carbon rings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bond formed between amino acids called?

    <p>Peptide bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Only large proteins can consist of multiple polypeptide chains.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of interactions are important drivers of protein folding?

    <p>Hydrophobic interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ structure of proteins is the arrangement of polypeptide chains in multi-peptide proteins.

    <p>quaternary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following protein structures with their characteristics:

    <p>Primary Structure = Amino acid sequence Secondary Structure = α-helices and β-sheets Tertiary Structure = Three-dimensional shape Quaternary Structure = Arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of protein is characterized by its long parallel bundles and water-insoluble nature?

    <p>Fibrous proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrogen bonds stabilize the secondary structure of proteins.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to proteins when they lose their structure?

    <p>They are denatured.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The repeated folds of proteins observed in the _____ structure are stabilized by hydrogen bonds.

    <p>secondary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of protein is round or blob-like and typically water-soluble?

    <p>Globular proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of RNA in the cell?

    <p>Encoding messages from genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA is single-stranded.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the monomers of nucleic acids called?

    <p>nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In DNA, thymine pairs with ________.

    <p>adenine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of RNA with their primary functions:

    <p>mRNA = Encodes messages from genes rRNA = Part of the ribosome’s structure tRNA = Brings amino acids to ribosomes during translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sugar is found in RNA?

    <p>Ribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The backbone of nucleic acids consists of nitrogenous bases and phosphate groups.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ATP in cellular processes?

    <p>ATP is a source of energy for endergonic reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ATP is produced by endergonic reactions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a mutation?

    <p>A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA undergoes ________ to produce an identical copy.

    <p>replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is released during the hydrolysis of ATP?

    <p>a phosphate group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ATP is synthesized by ATP __________ during aerobic cellular respiration.

    <p>synthase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nitrogenous bases is only found in RNA?

    <p>Uracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the biological macromolecules with their classes:

    <p>Carbohydrates = Polymers of sugars Lipids = Non-polymers Proteins = Polymers of amino acids Nucleic Acids = Polymers of nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Properties of Water

    • Exhibits cohesion by allowing molecules to stick together.
    • Moderates temperature by absorbing significant energy before temperature changes; plays a crucial role in climate regulation.
    • Expands upon freezing, causing ice to float due to the lattice structure formed by hydrogen bonds.
    • Functions as a solvent, effectively dissolving polar and charged substances (hydrophilic) while not dissolving nonpolar substances (hydrophobic).
    • Buffers help maintain a stable pH, essential for biological functions; blood pH is maintained between 7.35-7.45.

    Organic Molecules

    • Composed of matter, which is governed by chemical and physical laws.
    • Saturated fats contain saturated fatty acids; unsaturated fats can be monounsaturated or polyunsaturated.
    • Phospholipids have a glycerol backbone linked to two fatty acids and a phosphate group, featuring hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, making them amphipathic.
    • Steroids consist of four fused carbon rings; cholesterol serves as the precursor for other steroids and maintains membrane fluidity.

    Proteins

    • Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; account for 12-18% of body mass.
    • Made up of amino acids, which are the building blocks linked by peptide bonds through dehydration synthesis.
    • Protein structure is organized into primary (amino acid sequence), secondary (α-helices and β-sheets stabilized by hydrogen bonds), tertiary (3D shape driven by various interactions), and quaternary (arrangement of multiple polypeptides) levels.
    • Fibrous proteins are water-insoluble and form structures like hair and muscle filaments; globular proteins are water-soluble and include enzymes and antibodies.
    • Denaturation results in the loss of protein structure and function, rendering proteins inactive.

    Nucleic Acids

    • Comprise DNA and RNA, containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
    • DNA is transcribed to RNA, which is subsequently translated to proteins; genes are sections of DNA that code for proteins.
    • Nucleotides are the monomers, consisting of a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group.
    • DNA features a double helix structure with base pairing between purines (A, G) and pyrimidines (C, T), while RNA contains uracil (U) instead of thymine (T).
    • DNA replication involves creating a new double helix using one original strand as a template; mutations can occur from changes in the nucleotide sequence.

    Energy Currency: ATP

    • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a crucial nucleotide that serves as the energy currency for cells.
    • Comprises three phosphate groups bound to adenosine; energy is released upon hydrolysis of the terminal phosphate.
    • ATP is generated by exergonic cellular reactions and consumed in endergonic reactions to perform work.
    • ATP synthesis is catalyzed by ATP synthase during aerobic respiration.

    Summary of Biological Molecules

    • Four classes of biological molecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
    • All classes are polymers of monomers except for lipids, which do not have a common monomer.
    • The structure of biological molecules is intrinsically linked to their specific functions.

    Organic Molecules

    • Organic molecules primarily consist of carbon atoms.
    • Carbon skeletons form the backbone, held together by covalent bonds.
    • Hydrocarbons are organic molecules composed solely of carbon and hydrogen.
    • Functional groups are additional atoms or molecules attached to carbon skeletons, influencing chemical properties and functions.

    Biological Molecules

    • Composed of complex organic compounds.
    • Cells contain trillions of organic molecules organized into a limited number of structural subunits.
    • Most biological molecules are polymers made from monomers.

    Classes of Biological Monomers

    • Four main classes include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

    Carbohydrates

    • Formed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; make up 2-3% of total body mass.
    • Monosaccharides (simple sugars) serve as the monomers for carbohydrates.
    • Monosaccharides can link through dehydration synthesis to form more complex carbohydrates.

    Lipids

    • Saturated fats consist mainly of saturated fatty acids, while unsaturated fats contain mono- or polyunsaturated fatty acids.
    • Monounsaturated fats include oils from olive, canola, and avocado; polyunsaturated fats include corn and fish oils.

    Phospholipids

    • Composed of glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group.
    • Amphipathic properties stem from polar (hydrophilic) phosphate heads and nonpolar (hydrophobic) fatty acid tails.

    Steroids

    • Comprised of four fused carbon rings; cholesterol is a precursor for steroid synthesis.
    • Cholesterol contributes to membrane fluidity and is categorized as a sterol if it has a hydroxyl group, making it slightly amphipathic.

    Other Lipids

    • Eicosanoids are 20-carbon compounds that include immune signaling molecules like prostaglandins.
    • Fat-soluble vitamins (D, E, K) are essential in the diet.

    Proteins

    • Comprised of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; account for 12-18% of body mass.
    • The building blocks are amino acids (20 natural types), each with a central carbon connected to an amino group, carboxyl group, and an R group that defines its properties.
    • Amino acids are linked via dehydration synthesis to form peptide bonds, creating polypeptides from individual amino acids.
    • Proteins can be simple (single polypeptide) or complex (multiple polypeptides).
    • Protein structure levels:
      • Primary: sequence of amino acids
      • Secondary: α-helices and β-sheets stabilized by hydrogen bonds
      • Tertiary: 3D shape influenced by various bonds and interactions
      • Quaternary: arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains.

    Types of Proteins

    • Fibrous proteins (e.g., keratin) are insoluble and form structures like hair.
    • Globular proteins (e.g., antibodies) are water-soluble and involved in metabolic functions.
    • Denatured proteins lose their structure and biological activity.

    Nucleic Acids

    • Include DNA and RNA, made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
    • DNA contains genes, sequences essential for coding specific proteins.
    • DNA transcription converts its information into RNA, which is then translated into proteins by ribosomes.

    Nucleotide Structure

    • Monomers are nucleotides composed of a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group.
    • DNA and RNA base pairing:
      • DNA: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T)
      • RNA: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), uracil (U)
    • The DNA structure is a double helix, while RNA is single-stranded.

    ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

    • ATP serves as the energy currency of cells, composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.
    • Energy is released during hydrolysis of ATP, particularly when the terminal phosphate group is removed.
    • ATP is regenerated via ATP synthase during aerobic respiration.

    Summary

    • Biological molecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, possess diverse structures linked directly to their functions, with lipids being the exception as they are not formed from polymerized monomers.

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    Description

    This quiz covers Lecture 2, focusing on the chemical level of organization. It requires understanding of atomic and molecular structure, properties of water, acid-base chemistry, and chemical reactions. Be sure to review the relevant textbook pages for a comprehensive understanding.

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