Chemical Level of Organization Quiz

Chemical Level of Organization

• The chemical level involves the structure and function of atoms, molecules, and compounds in the human body.
• Oxygen (O) is the most abundant element in the human body, comprising 65% of its mass.

Elements and Compounds

• Major elements in the human body: oxygen (65%), carbon (18.5%), hydrogen (9.5%), nitrogen (3.2%), calcium (1.5%), phosphorus (1.0%), potassium (0.4%), sulfur (0.3%), sodium (0.2%), chlorine (0.2%), and magnesium (0.1%).
• Trace elements are present in minute quantities and are important for various bodily functions.

Atoms

• Atoms are the fundamental units of elements.
• Atoms are composed of subatomic particles: protons (positive charge), neutrons (no charge), and electrons (negative charge).
• The number of protons defines the element.
• Electrons orbit the nucleus, and the number of electrons in an atom is equal to the number of protons.

Atomic Number and Mass Number

• Atomic number: the number of protons in an atom.
• Mass number: the sum of protons and neutrons in an atom.
• The periodic table organizes elements based on atomic number, showing various properties.

Isotopes

• Isotopes are different forms of an element with varying neutron numbers.
• Examples include protium, deuterium, and tritium, all forms of hydrogen.

The Behavior of Electrons

• Electrons orbit the nucleus in specific energy levels called electron shells.
• Each shell can hold a maximum number of electrons.

Chemical Bonds

• Ionic bonds: transfer of electrons between atoms, creating oppositely charged ions that attract each other.
• Covalent bonds: sharing of electrons between atoms.
• Polar covalent bonds: unequal sharing of electrons, resulting in partial charges within the molecule.
• Hydrogen bonds: weak attractions between hydrogen atoms and other electronegative atoms (oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine) in different molecules.

Chemical Reactions

• Reactants enter into a reaction and are transformed into products.
• Chemical reactions involve bond breaking and forming.

Enzymes

• Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions by reducing the activation energy.
• Activation energy is the energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction.
• Enzymes lower the activation energy, allowing reactions to proceed more easily.

Role of Water

• Water acts as a solvent, forming solutions and suspensions.
• Water facilitates various chemical reactions, including hydrolysis (breaking down molecules by adding water) and dehydration synthesis (forming molecules by removing water).

Carbohydrates

• Monosaccharides are the basic units of carbohydrates.
• Disaccharides are formed from two monosaccharides joined together.
• Polysaccharides consist of many monosaccharides.

Lipids

• Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules.
• Triglycerides are a common type of lipid consisting of a glycerol molecule and three fatty acid chains.
• Phospholipids have a glycerol backbone, two fatty acid tails, and a phosphate group.
• Steroids have a characteristic four-ring structure; Cholesterol is an example.
• Prostaglandins are signaling molecules derived from unsaturated fatty acids.

Proteins

• Proteins are organic macromolecules composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
• Amino acids contain an amino group and a carboxyl group.
• The shape of a protein, determined by its amino acid sequence, affects its function.

Test your knowledge on the chemical level of organization in the human body. This quiz covers essential elements, atoms, and their structures. Understand the role of major and trace elements and their importance for bodily functions.