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Questions and Answers
What process converts disaccharides into monosaccharides?
What process converts disaccharides into monosaccharides?
Which disaccharide is not a reducing sugar?
Which disaccharide is not a reducing sugar?
What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?
What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?
Where is excess glucose stored in the body?
Where is excess glucose stored in the body?
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Which of the following is a main component of plant cell walls?
Which of the following is a main component of plant cell walls?
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What is the composition of maltose?
What is the composition of maltose?
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Which carbohydrate cannot be digested by humans?
Which carbohydrate cannot be digested by humans?
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What type of carbohydrate is starch primarily used for in plants?
What type of carbohydrate is starch primarily used for in plants?
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What is the primary function of nitrate (NO3-) in living organisms?
What is the primary function of nitrate (NO3-) in living organisms?
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Which inorganic ion is essential for muscle contraction?
Which inorganic ion is essential for muscle contraction?
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What is the general formula for carbohydrates?
What is the general formula for carbohydrates?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of monosaccharides?
Which of the following is a characteristic of monosaccharides?
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Which of the following statements is true about magnesium (Mg2+)?
Which of the following statements is true about magnesium (Mg2+)?
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Which type of substance is NOT considered an organic substance in organisms?
Which type of substance is NOT considered an organic substance in organisms?
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In what capacity does water act as a cooling agent in organisms?
In what capacity does water act as a cooling agent in organisms?
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What role does water play during digestion in organisms?
What role does water play during digestion in organisms?
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Which function of water contributes to its role as a temperature buffer?
Which function of water contributes to its role as a temperature buffer?
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What is the importance of minerals within organisms?
What is the importance of minerals within organisms?
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How does water contribute to the buoyancy of aquatic organisms?
How does water contribute to the buoyancy of aquatic organisms?
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Which statement accurately describes the role of water in photosynthesis?
Which statement accurately describes the role of water in photosynthesis?
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What is meant by the term 'hydrostatic skeleton' in relation to water's function?
What is meant by the term 'hydrostatic skeleton' in relation to water's function?
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Which of the following is NOT a benefit of water acting as a solvent?
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of water acting as a solvent?
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What is the significance of turgidity in plant cells?
What is the significance of turgidity in plant cells?
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What color change indicates the presence of glucose when using Clinistix paper?
What color change indicates the presence of glucose when using Clinistix paper?
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What occurs during the Benedict's test when glucose is present?
What occurs during the Benedict's test when glucose is present?
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In the iodine test for starch, what does the presence of starch indicate?
In the iodine test for starch, what does the presence of starch indicate?
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What happens when distilled water is tested with Clinistix paper?
What happens when distilled water is tested with Clinistix paper?
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Which solution undergoes no observable change when heated with Benedict’s solution?
Which solution undergoes no observable change when heated with Benedict’s solution?
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What step is common in both the glucose test with Clinistix paper and the iodine test?
What step is common in both the glucose test with Clinistix paper and the iodine test?
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What is the primary purpose of the hydrolysis process as mentioned?
What is the primary purpose of the hydrolysis process as mentioned?
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What color does iodine solution turn in the presence of starch?
What color does iodine solution turn in the presence of starch?
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Study Notes
Chemical Constituents of Organisms
- Organisms are made of organic (biomolecules) and inorganic substances.
- Organic substances include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
- Inorganic substances include water and minerals.
Water
- Water is a major component of cells, blood, and other body fluids.
- Water acts as a solvent for chemical reactions.
- It transports nutrients, gases, and metabolic waste.
- Water is involved in metabolic reactions as a reactant.
- It helps regulate temperature by acting as a cooling agent (e.g., sweating) and a temperature buffer.
- Water provides support to organisms and aids movement (e.g., hydrostatic skeleton).
- Water provides a favorable habitat for aquatic organisms.
Minerals
- Minerals play roles in regulating metabolism.
- They occur as inorganic ions.
- Minerals are needed in small amounts.
- Examples of minerals and their functions include:
- Nitrate (NO₃⁻): for making proteins, nucleic acids, and chlorophyll.
- Magnesium (Mg²⁺): for making chlorophyll.
- Calcium (Ca²⁺): a major component of bones, teeth, and shells.
- Iron (Fe²⁺): for muscle contraction, clotting, nerve impulses, and forming hemoglobin in red blood cells.
Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates are organic substances composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
- The general formula is Cₓ(H₂O)ᵧ.
- Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates. They are soluble in water and taste sweet. Examples include glucose, fructose, and galactose.
- Disaccharides are formed by the condensation of two monosaccharides. They are soluble in water and taste sweet. Examples include maltose, sucrose, and lactose.
- Polysaccharides are formed by the condensation of many monosaccharides and are insoluble in water. Examples include glycogen, starch, and cellulose.
- Carbohydrates are the main source of energy in the body. Excess carbohydrates can be stored as glycogen or fat.
Practical Tests
- Glucose test: A Clinistix paper turns blue/purple in the presence of glucose.
- Benedict's test for reducing sugars: A brick-red precipitate forms when heated with Benedict's reagent in the presence of a reducing sugar (e.g., glucose).
- Iodine test for starch: A blue-black color change in the presence of starch. Distilled water remains brown.
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Description
This quiz explores the chemical constituents that make up organisms, focusing on organic and inorganic substances such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, water, and minerals. Understand the vital roles these components play in cellular function and metabolism.
