Chartism in 19th Century Britain

Chartism Movement

• The primary aim of the Chartist movement in Great Britain during the 1840s was to reform the electoral process.
• Key objectives included broadening the franchise, introducing the secret ballot, eliminating property qualification for members of Parliament, creating equal constituencies for parliamentary seats, and establishing annual elections for Parliament.

Meiji Restoration

• A major aim of Japan's Meiji Restoration was to modernize the Japanese economy.
• Leaders championed industrialization, improved transportation and communication systems, introduced compulsory education, and adopted a host of other reforms designed to modernize Japanese society.

British Imperialism in India

• The main objective of British imperialism in India during the late nineteenth century was to compel Indians to produce raw materials for British businesses.
• A major objective was to obtain control over the production of cotton, jute, and other raw materials that British mills turned into finished goods.

World War I

• A major consequence of the treaties that ended World War I was the establishment of new nation-states in Eastern Europe.
• With the breakup of the Austro-Hungarian Empire after World War I, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Austria, and Hungary became independent nations.

Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact

• The signing of the Nazi-Soviet nonaggression pact in 1939 convinced Hitler that Germany was ready to invade Poland and participate in a wider European war.
• With the pact, Hitler no longer had to worry about a two-front war with Britain and France to the west and the Soviets to the east.

Cold War

• A central cause of the Cold War that developed after World War II was U.S.-Soviet disagreement concerning the types of governments that should be established in Eastern Europe.
• The US wanted to see democratic governments established in Eastern European countries, but the Soviets imposed communist dictatorships throughout the region.

Latin American Governments

• Between 1970 and 1990, Latin American governments had the greatest difficulty overcoming the challenge of promoting economic development without assuming excessive debt.
• Many Latin American governments negotiated foreign loans to obtain funds needed to expand their industrial base and increase agricultural output, but the cost of repaying the huge debts seriously undermined economic development programs.

Indian Independence

• A national campaign of nonviolent resistance played a central role in efforts to achieve independence from European rule in India during the twentieth century.
• A widespread movement of peaceful civil disobedience led by Mohandas Gandhi and consisting largely of boycotts and work stoppages played a major role in Indian efforts to obtain independence from British rule.

Research Methods

• Historians would likely find bibliographies and periodical indexes most useful when gathering background information on a topic to be researched.
• Bibliographies and periodical indexes contain citations for various primary and secondary sources.

Editorial Cartoons

• The main argument of an editorial cartoon is that the international community is not doing enough to end the conflicts in Bosnia.
• The cartoon suggests that NATO and other international organizations did not take the Bosnian conflict seriously enough to commit the resources required to restore order in the Balkans.

Logrolling

• Logrolling is a term used to describe the trading of favors or votes among members of a legislative body to obtain passage of bills that are of interest to each of the legislators involved in the exchange.

Political Philosophy

• John Locke, Voltaire, and the Baron de Montesquieu shared the political view that government should protect the natural rights of citizens.
• Niccolò Machiavelli developed the realist political philosophy based on the use of critical objectivity.

Ancient Greek Government

• A major feature of the ancient Greek government during the golden age of Athenian democracy was that adult male citizens from nearly all classes could vote, hold office, and speak in the popular assembly.
• All male citizens could participate in government and hold official positions regardless of their economic circumstances or social positions.

Representative Democracy

• A polity would most likely replace a direct democracy with a representative democracy to deal more effectively with complicated issues.
• Elected officials in a representative democracy would be well informed on the questions at issue, unlike the average voter in a direct democracy.

US and French Political Systems

• The two-party system of the US differs most from the French political system, which has a multiparty system.
• Unlike the US, France has a multiparty system, and leading parties often form governing coalitions because no single party has sufficient electoral support to govern alone.

US Citizenship

• Reporting for jury duty when called is a legal obligation of US citizenship.
• The US legal system depends on citizens' participation to provide fair trials, so all citizens have a legal obligation to serve as jurors when called.

Japanese American Internment

• The US government violated the civil rights of Japanese Americans during World War II by detaining them in military internment camps.
• Over 110,000 Japanese Americans were placed in internment camps because of their supposed threat to national security, even though about 70,000 of the internees were native-born citizens of the US.

Special Interest Groups

• A political scientist seeking information on special interest groups' stated rationale for supporting a given legislative measure would be best advised to consult the Congressional Record.
• The Congressional Record is the official record of the proceedings of the US Congress and contains transcriptions of nearly all testimony at hearings.

Native American Societies

• The expansion of the North American fur trade in the 17th century led to Native Americans becoming increasingly reliant on European manufactured goods such as metal knives, firearms, and kettles.
• To obtain these goods, Native Americans devoted more time and effort to acquiring pelts, leading to a decline in traditional modes of subsistence and an increased reliance on other Native American groups for foodstuffs.

Colonial Development in British North America

• The founding of colonies such as Maryland, Rhode Island, and Pennsylvania was influenced by religious considerations.
• The Regulator movement in the Carolinas during the 1760s highlights the conflict between eastern elites and western settlers.

Patriot Leaders and Bicameral Legislatures

• Patriot leaders favored the creation of bicameral legislatures to restrict popular power while preserving representative government.
• Elite members of society dominated at least one house of state legislatures, preventing the hasty enactment of unwise laws.

Industrialization and Labor

• The early 19th-century US textile industry was successful due to the combination of female labor, improved technology, and tariff protection.
• Frederick Douglass, an abolitionist orator and editor of the North Star, persuaded many people to oppose slavery through his speeches and writings.

Antislavery Movement and the Compromise of 1850

• Frederick Douglass contributed significantly to the antislavery movement through his speeches and editorial work.
• The Compromise of 1850 contributed to mounting intersectional tension by provoking Northern resistance to the enforcement of fugitive slave legislation.

African American Leaders and Education

• Booker T. Washington advocated for the vocational education of young African Americans as a means of improving their position in US society.
• Theodore Roosevelt's New Nationalism called for the establishment of governmental regulatory commissions to protect the people by ensuring that large corporations used their power in the public interest.

Views of Land Ownership and Conflict

• Differing views of land ownership provided the basis of conflict between Native Americans and Puritans.

World War I and the US Intervention

• German submarine attacks on neutral countries led to the US intervention in World War I.

Mexican Agricultural Workers and the Great Depression

• Strikes by Mexican American agricultural workers during the Great Depression surprised growers and shattered stereotypes of Mexican passivity.

World War II and the US Economy

• World War II led to a large number of African American workers from the South obtaining jobs in war industries in other parts of the country.

Truman Doctrine and the Cold War

• The Truman Doctrine committed the US to protecting free peoples from communist subversion or conquest.

Modern Republicanism and Economic Matters

• President Eisenhower's administration was guided by a philosophy of modern Republicanism that took a conservative approach to economic matters and a liberal approach to humanitarian problems.

US Efforts in the Persian Gulf Region

• US efforts to maintain stability in the Persian Gulf region during the 1990s reflected economic concerns related to maintaining access to global energy supplies.

Youth Culture and the 1960s

• The youth culture that emerged in the US during the 1960s displayed political and cultural perspectives that set it apart from other segments of the population.

National Organization for Women (NOW)

• The primary aim of NOW at its founding in 1966 was to eliminate barriers to women's full participation in US society.

Patterns of Consumption in 18th-Century New England

• Probate data provides insight into the type and volume of items purchased by people in 18th-century New England.

Ancient Egyptian Civilization and Government

• Ancient Egyptian civilization established a strong central government headed by a powerful ruler with godlike attributes, unlike early Mesopotamian civilizations.

Spread of Greek Culture

• The conquests of Alexander the Great were responsible for the spread of Greek culture across Southwest Asia.

Buddhism and Social Background

• Buddhism taught that anyone, regardless of social background, could attain release from the cycle of death and rebirth.

Catholic Church in Early Medieval Europe

• The Catholic Church served as a unifying force in western Europe after the dissolution of the Roman Empire.

Mongolian Empire

• At its height, the Mongol Empire was the largest contiguous empire in history, extending from eastern Europe to China and parts of Southeast Asia.

Medieval African Kingdoms and Trans-Saharan Trade

• The exchange of gold and salt along the trans-Saharan trade network was an important source of income for medieval African kingdoms such as Ghana, Mali, and Songhay.

European Expansion and Coercive Labor Systems

• European expansion during the Age of Exploration led to the imposition of forced labor on indigenous peoples and the use of enslaved Africans to grow crops throughout the Americas.

Italy and the Renaissance

• Italy's location at the center of major trade routes between Western Europe and Southwest Asia influenced its emergence as the leading center of Renaissance culture.

English Revolution and American Revolution

• Leaders in the English Revolution of 1688-1689 and the American Revolution of the eighteenth century shared the aim of establishing limits on the authority of the central government.

Historic Developments in Chronological Order

• The correct chronological order of four historic developments is: the establishment of India's Gupta Empire, the founding of China's Tang Dynasty, the Norman conquest of England, and the capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks.