Chapter 21: Allergy and Anaphylaxis Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

The effects of epinephrine are typically observed within _________ following administration.

1 minute

Immediately after giving an epinephrine injection, you should:

properly dispose of the syringe.

When administering epinephrine via auto-injector, you should hold the injector in place for:

10 seconds.

Bilateral wheezing over all lung fields indicates:

<p>narrowing of the bronchioles in the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Common signs and symptoms of an allergic reaction include all of the following, EXCEPT:

<p>Drying of the eyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

After administering 0.3 mg of epinephrine via auto-injector to a 22-year-old female with an allergic reaction, what should you monitor for?

<p>Monitor her closely but recall that anxiety and tachycardia are side effects of epinephrine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following patients would MOST likely have a delayed onset of an allergic reaction?

<p>A 45-year-old male who ingested penicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

The stinger from a honeybee should be:

<p>scraped away from the skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Because the stinger of a honeybee remains in the wound following a sting, it:

<p>can continue to inject venom for up to 20 minutes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would MOST likely provide clues regarding the source of a patient's allergic reaction?

<p>The environment in which the patient is found</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications blocks the release of histamines?

<p>Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What results in respiratory distress and/or hypoperfusion?

<p>anaphylaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does angioedema refer to?

<p>areas of localized swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

Swelling indicates ___________

<p>inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first treatment for anaphylactic shock?

<p>oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the best treatment for anaphylactic shock?

<p>epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are typical indicators of anaphylactic shock?

<p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

EpiPen is a trade name for:

<p>epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Epinephrine dose depends on weight. What is the dose for a weight of 66 pounds (40kg)?

<p>66 pounds (40kg)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should you not use epinephrine?

<p>Patients without signs of respiratory compromise or hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

The signs and symptoms of an allergic reaction are caused by the release of:

<p>Both histamine and leukotrienes</p> Signup and view all the answers

The negative effects associated with anaphylactic shock are the result of:

<p>Vasodilation and bronchoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

You are called to a local baseball park for a 23-year-old man with difficulty breathing. Your assessment reveals widespread urticaria, tachycardia, and a BP of 90/60 mm Hg. You can hear him wheezing, even without a stethoscope. You should be MOST suspicious of a(n):

<p>Anaphylactic reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a wheal?

<p>A raised, swollen, well-defined area on the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

You are treating a woman who was stung numerous times by hornets. On assessment, you note that some of the stingers are still embedded in her skin. You should:

<p>Scrape the stingers from her skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should you do first when a young male is experiencing signs and symptoms of anaphylactic shock after being stung by a scorpion?

<p>Provide ventilatory assistance with a bag-mask device</p> Signup and view all the answers

The MOST reliable indicator of upper airway swelling during a severe allergic reaction is:

<p>Stridor</p> Signup and view all the answers

The most common trigger of anaphylaxis is:

<p>Food</p> Signup and view all the answers

The adult EpiPen system delivers _____ mg of epinephrine, and the infant-child system delivers _____ mg.

<p>0.3, 0.15</p> Signup and view all the answers

When administering epinephrine by auto-injector, the EMT should hold the injector in place for:

<p>10 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

Raised red spots on the skin are most likely:

<p>Urticaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

Your partner indicates that he heard wheezes in all lung fields. What did he hear?

<p>A high-pitched whistling sound caused by bronchoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Following the administration of epinephrine, the patient reports that his heart is beating 'very fast.' How should you respond?

<p>That it's a normal side effect of epinephrine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following categories of allergens is the most common?

<p>Food</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are late signs of an allergic reaction?

<p>Hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

You are responding to a call where an 8-year-old has been stung by a wasp. These spots are most likely:

<p>Urticaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is epinephrine used for anaphylaxis?

<p>It reverses bronchoconstriction and vasodilation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an allergen?

<p>A substance that causes an allergic reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

An extreme, life-threatening, systemic reaction that may include shock and respiratory failure is known as:

<p>Anaphylaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

You are treating a child with a bee sting. The stinger is still embedded in the child's skin. What should you do?

<p>Scrape the skin with the edge of a stiff object</p> Signup and view all the answers

You have responded to a scene where a 33-year-old male patient is in obvious respiratory distress. Which of the following interventions should you administer first?

<p>Provide high-concentration oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

When assessing a patient's breathing, you hear wheezing in all lung fields. What are you hearing?

<p>A high-pitched whistling sound caused by bronchoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a wheal?

<p>A raised, swollen, well-defined area on the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following patients has the most significant chance of having a contraindication to epinephrine?

<p>An 80-year-old male with a history of acute coronary syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the dose of epinephrine contained in an adult EpiPen?

<p>0.3 mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding fire ants is correct?

<p>Fire ants often bite a person repeatedly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following MOST accurately defines an allergic reaction?

<p>An exaggerated immune system response to any substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

During airway and breathing portions of the primary assessment of a victim of an immunologic emergency, the EMT should __________.

<p>Work quickly to assess the adequacy of the patient's ability to move air in and out of their lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The purpose of the human immune system is to ________.

<p>Protect the body from foreign substances and organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Allergic reactions to injected medications may occur ___________ and may be quite severe.

<p>Quickly (within 30 minutes of the injection).</p> Signup and view all the answers

When an auto-injector is used to give epinephrine, the primary injection site is the:

<p>Lateral portion of the thigh.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A 38-year-old woman was bitten by fire ants while at the park. What should you do based on her assessment?

<p>Assist her ventilation with 100% oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most patients who die of anaphylaxis do so within the first ____ minutes following exposure.

<ol start="30"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

An immune system is necessary for human life because __________.

<p>All of these answers are correct</p> Signup and view all the answers

You respond to a 55-year-old woman with a possible allergic reaction. As your partner applies oxygen to her, you should:

<p>Ask her if she has prescribed epinephrine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A 48-year-old male is found unconscious in the garden. What should you do?

<p>Maintain his airway and assist his ventilations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which questions would be most appropriate for the EMT to ask a conscious victim of an allergic reaction?

<p>&quot;Have you taken any medications for this episode and have they worked?&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an action of epinephrine on the human body?

<p>It causes increased cardiac contractility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The scene size-up step in the assessment of an immunologic emergency is critical because it may indicate __________.

<p>All of these answer choices are correct</p> Signup and view all the answers

You are assessing a young male who was stung by a scorpion. What should you do next?

<p>Apply oxygen as needed, clean the area with soap and water or a mild antiseptic, and transport him to the hospital.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The assessment of an immunologic emergency is critical because it will help the EMT determine whether the __________.

<p>Call is medical or traumatic in nature, or both.</p> Signup and view all the answers

It is critical to closely monitor and reassess a victim of an immunologic emergency because the patient may __________.

<p>Rapidly deteriorate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Two of the MOST common signs of anaphylaxis are:

<p>Angioedema</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chemicals responsible for the signs and symptoms of an allergic reaction to a bee sting include:

<p>Histamines and leukotrienes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

While auscultating breath sounds of a patient who was stung multiple times by a yellow jacket, what does bilateral wheezing indicate?

<p>Narrowing of the bronchioles in the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When you respond to the residence of a 55-year-old woman with a possible allergic reaction, what should your partner ask her?

<p>Ask her if she has prescribed epinephrine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most patients who die of anaphylaxis do so within the first ____ minutes following exposure.

<ol start="30"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding epinephrine administration via the intramuscular (IM) route is correct?

<p>The 1:1000 concentration should be used</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sounds indicates swelling of the upper airway?

<p>Stridor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When an auto-injector is used to give epinephrine, the primary injection site is the:

<p>Lateral portion of the thigh.</p> Signup and view all the answers

You have administered one dose of epinephrine to a 40-year-old female with an allergic reaction. What should you do if she is still having difficulty breathing?

<p>Request permission from medical control to give another dose of epinephrine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A 37-year-old male is having a severe allergic reaction to penicillin. What should you do?

<p>Administer oxygen, transport at once, and request a paramedic intercept.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The foreign substance responsible for causing an allergic reaction is called a(n):

<p>Allergen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Two of the MOST common signs of anaphylaxis are:

<p>Urticaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

You are assessing a young male who was stung on the leg by a scorpion. What should you do?

<p>Apply oxygen as needed, clean the area with soap and water or a mild antiseptic, and transport him to the hospital.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following physiologic actions does epinephrine produce when given for an allergic reaction?

<p>Vasoconstriction and bronchodilation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Urticaria is the medical term for:

<p>Hives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The adult epinephrine auto-injector delivers ______ mg of epinephrine, and the infant-child auto-injector delivers ______ mg.

<p>0.3; 0.15.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chemicals responsible for the signs and symptoms of an allergic reaction to a bee sting include:

<p>Histamines and leukotrienes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following MOST accurately defines an allergic reaction?

<p>An exaggerated immune system response to any substance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A raised, swollen, well-defined area on the skin that is the result of an insect bite or sting is called:

<p>A wheal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding fire ants is correct?

<p>Fire ants often bite a person repeatedly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Common side effects of epinephrine include all of the following, EXCEPT:

<p>Drowsiness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following negative effects of anaphylaxis will be the MOST rapidly fatal if not treated immediately?

<p>Upper airway swelling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A 73-year-old man presents with a generalized rash caused by an antibiotic. What should you do?

<p>Administer oxygen if needed, transport the patient, and monitor him for signs of deterioration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Epinephrine is indicated for patients with an allergic reaction when:

<p>Wheezing and hypotension are present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A 50-year-old male was stung by a honeybee. What should you do after administering his epinephrine?

<p>Record the time and dose of the injection and transport promptly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anaphylaxis is MOST accurately defined as a(n):

<p>Extreme allergic reaction that may affect multiple body systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Allergy and Anaphylaxis Overview

  • Allergic reactions are primarily caused by the release of histamines and leukotrienes.
  • Anaphylactic shock results from vasodilation and bronchoconstriction.

Signs and Symptoms

  • Common signs of an anaphylactic reaction include urticaria (hives) and angioedema (swelling).
  • Wheezing indicates bronchial constriction.
  • Stridor is the most reliable sign of upper airway swelling.

Epinephrine Administration

  • Adult EpiPen delivers 0.3 mg of epinephrine; child formulation delivers 0.15 mg.
  • Hold the epinephrine auto-injector in place for 10 seconds for effective delivery.
  • Epinephrine reverses bronchoconstriction and vasodilation, improving respiratory function.

Allergens and Triggers

  • The most common triggers for anaphylaxis include food (e.g., peanuts).
  • An allergen is a substance that causes an allergic reaction.
  • Fire ants can bite repeatedly, raising concerns for allergic reactions.

Patient Assessment

  • Symptoms such as difficulty breathing, cyanosis, and tachycardia indicate potential anaphylaxis.
  • A wheal is a raised, well-defined area of skin, often associated with insect stings.

Treatment Considerations

  • For stings, scrape out the stinger (e.g., honeybee) instead of pulling it out.
  • Oxygen should be administered to patients experiencing severe respiratory distress.
  • Always monitor patients closely after administering epinephrine due to the potential for side effects like tachycardia.

Common Misconceptions

  • An allergic reaction can occur quickly (within 30 minutes of exposure), especially to injected substances.
  • Anaphylaxis is defined as an extreme systemic reaction that can include shock.

Complications and Emergencies

  • Most fatalities due to anaphylaxis occur within the first 30 minutes post-exposure.
  • Patients with a history of serious allergies (e.g., peanut allergies) may have more severe reactions.

Monitoring and Follow-Up

  • Constant reassessment is crucial as patients can rapidly deteriorate.
  • After administering epinephrine, record time and dosage, and transport the patient promptly.

Summary of Key Terms

  • Urticaria: Hives or raised red spots on skin.
  • Angioedema: Swelling, commonly of lips and face.
  • Histamines: Chemicals released during allergic reactions that cause symptoms.
  • Auto-injector Site: Lateral portion of the thigh is preferred for epinephrine injection.

Emergency Protocols

  • Seek medical control for additional doses of epinephrine if a patient remains symptomatic.
  • Investigate the environment for potential sources of allergens during assessment.### Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
  • An antihistamine used to relieve symptoms of allergy, hay fever, and the common cold.
  • Often used for its sedative effects as well.

Anaphylaxis

  • A severe allergic reaction that can result in respiratory distress and low blood pressure (hypoperfusion).
  • Requires immediate medical intervention due to its life-threatening nature.

Angioedema

  • Characterized by localized swelling, often affecting areas such as the face, lips, and throat.
  • Can be a symptom associated with allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis.

Inflammation

  • Swelling is a physical indicator of inflammation, which is the body's response to injury or infection.
  • Inflammatory response can be part of allergic reactions.

Anaphylactic Shock Treatment

  • First treatment involves providing oxygen to the patient for improved respiratory function.
  • Best treatment option is epinephrine, which can rapidly reverse the symptoms of anaphylaxis.

Indicators of Anaphylactic Shock

  • Symptoms include low blood pressure and an increased respiratory rate.
  • Requires urgent medical attention and administration of epinephrine.

Epinephrine

  • Trade name for epinephrine is EpiPen, a device used for self-administration in emergencies.
  • The dosage of epinephrine is weight-dependent; for a patient weighing 66 pounds (40 kg), dosage must be carefully calculated.

Contraindications for Epinephrine Use

  • Should not be used in patients who do not exhibit signs of respiratory distress or hypotension.
  • Not indicated for individuals who do not fulfill criteria for anaphylaxis diagnosis.

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Test your knowledge on allergy and anaphylaxis with these flashcards from Chapter 21. Each card focuses on key concepts, including the causes of allergic reactions and the effects of anaphylactic shock. Perfect for students and professionals in the health field.

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