30 Questions
What is a common treatment for depression that involves increasing supplies of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin?
GABA and acetylcholine
Which psychological perspective focuses on the importance of negative perceptions, beliefs, and thoughts in depression?
Humanistic perspective
During which period did rates of bipolar disorders in the United States see a significant rise, especially among adults over 50 years old?
1970-1980
What does the gender gap in depression indicate about the risk of depression between men and women?
Both genders are equally affected in terms of severity
How does stress affect an individual experiencing depression?
It is a temporary state of mind
According to research, are individuals at an increased risk of schizophrenia if their country experienced a flu epidemic during their fetal development?
No, never
What is a biological factor that researchers believe contributes to anxiety-related disorders?
Inherited temperament differences, gene variations, experience-altered brain pathways, and outdated inherited responses
What is an episode of intense dread that can be accompanied by chest pains, choking, or other frightening sensations called?
A panic attack
What is anxiety that takes the form of an irrational and maladaptive fear of a specific object, activity, or situation called?
Specific phobia
When a person with an anxiety disorder eases anxiety by avoiding or escaping a situation that inspires fear, this is called:
Coping mechanism
According to the learning perspective, what are specific phobias considered to be?
Conditioned fears
"Depression is a whole-body disorder" means that it involves:
"Symptoms that affect physical health, emotions, and behaviors"
Individuals with which eating disorder tend to maintain a weight within or above normal ranges?
Bulimia nervosa
Why is dissociative identity disorder considered controversial?
It is a new disorder
What characterizes a personality disorder like antisocial personality?
Inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
What have PET scans of murderers’ brains revealed in terms of brain activation?
Higher-than-normal activation in the frontal lobes
Which eating disorder is characterized by a continuous desire to lose weight even when underweight?
Anorexia nervosa
What is true about bulimia nervosa?
It involves binge-eating without compensatory behaviors
What perspective do psychologists work within when emphasizing the importance of negative perceptions, beliefs, and thoughts in depression?
Social-cognitive perspective
What neurotransmitters are associated with depression?
Norepinephrine and serotonin
What is a common symptom of depression that involves disrupting sleep, energy levels, and concentration?
Major depressive disorder
Which factor increases the risk of depression for women compared to men?
Roughly double the risk compared to men
What are the two main types of eating disorders mentioned in the text?
Anorexia nervosa; bulimia nervosa
How does schizophrenia manifest according to the text?
Altered perceptions, emotions, and behaviors disconnected from reality
Which trimester of pregnancy is associated with a higher risk of the child developing schizophrenia if the mother had an influenza infection?
First trimester
Do pregnant women whose offspring develop schizophrenia show higher-than-normal levels of antibodies suggesting a viral infection in their blood?
Yes
Which type of symptoms, characterized by an expressionless face and toneless voice, are most common in chronic schizophrenia and do not typically respond well to drug therapy?
Negative; chronic
What combination of factors contribute to the onset and development of schizophrenia?
Biological and environmental factors
Are third-trimester infections during pregnancy linked to an increased risk of the child developing schizophrenia?
No
Do psychological stress alone contribute to the onset and development of schizophrenia?
No
Study Notes
Depression
- Depression involves the whole body, disrupting sleep, energy levels, and concentration.
- The gender gap in depression refers to the fact that women's risk of depression is roughly double that of men's.
- Treatment for depression often includes drugs that increase supplies of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin.
- Psychologists who emphasize the importance of negative perceptions, beliefs, and thoughts in depression are working within the social-cognitive perspective.
Bipolar Disorder
- Rates of bipolar disorders in the United States rose dramatically between 1994 and 2003, especially among people 19 and under.
Schizophrenia
- Schizophrenia involves the altered perceptions, emotions, and behaviors of a mind split from reality.
- Delusions are a characteristic of schizophrenia.
- Hallucinations are a characteristic of schizophrenia.
- Are people at increased risk of schizophrenia if, during the middle of their fetal development, their country experienced a flu epidemic? Yes.
- Mothers who report being sick with influenza during pregnancy are more likely to bear children who develop schizophrenia, particularly when infections occur during the second trimester.
- Blood drawn from pregnant women whose offspring develop schizophrenia shows higher-than-normal levels of antibodies that suggest a viral infection.
- Factors that contribute to the onset and development of schizophrenia include biological factors, including abnormalities in brain structure and function, and environmental factors such as nutritional deprivation.
Eating Disorders
- People with anorexia nervosa continue to want to lose weight even when they are underweight.
- Those with bulimia nervosa tend to have a weight that fluctuates within or above normal ranges.
Dissociative Identity Disorder
- Dissociative identity disorder is controversial because it is almost never reported outside North America.
Personality Disorders
- A personality disorder, such as antisocial personality, is characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.
Anxiety Disorders
- Researchers believe that conditioning and cognitive processes contribute to anxiety-related disorders, and biological factors including inherited temperament differences, gene variations, experience-altered brain pathways, and outdated inherited responses also contribute to these disorders.
- An episode of intense dread that can be accompanied by chest pains, choking, or other frightening sensations is called a panic attack.
- Anxiety that takes the form of an irrational and maladaptive fear of a specific object, activity, or situation is called a specific phobia.
- When a person with an anxiety disorder eases anxiety by avoiding or escaping a situation that inspires fear, this is called reinforcement.
- The learning perspective proposes that specific phobias are conditioned fears.
Test your knowledge on the biological factors contributing to anxiety-related disorders, including inherited temperament differences, gene variations, experience-altered brain pathways, and outdated inherited responses. Multiple choice questions are provided to assess your understanding of these concepts.
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