Anxiety Disorders & Depression: Biological Models and Treatments
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Questions and Answers

What is the most common type of psychological disorder?

Anxiety disorders

How many anxiety disorders does DSM-5 recognize?

9

What percentage of people are estimated to suffer from an anxiety disorder at some point in their lives?

Up to 30%

What is the estimated prevalence of anxiety disorders compared to mood disorders?

<p>Twice that of mood disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the physical symptoms of a panic attack?

<p>Rapid irregular heartbeat, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, chest pain, nausea, dizziness, dry mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the biological mechanism behind the physical symptoms of anxiety and panic attacks?

<p>Activation of the Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System (fight-or-flight response)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain circuits control fear responses and the Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System?

<p>The amygdala, which influences the HPA axis and triggers the fear response</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the amygdala in the fear response?

<p>The amygdala is critical in the fear response, receiving sensory information and activating the hypothalamus and the sympathetic autonomic nervous system (ANS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has the involvement of the amygdala in fear conditioning been demonstrated?

<p>Through recording studies in mice and functional MRI studies in humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in the brain when fearful faces are seen?

<p>The amygdala is activated</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the hypothalamus in the fear response?

<p>It decides whether a stimulus is stressful or not, and activates the sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the HPA axis and how does it contribute to anxiety and panic attacks?

<p>It involves the release of adrenaline/noradrenaline and cortisol, increasing heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure, contributing to the physical symptoms of anxiety and panic attacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptoms are associated with generalised anxiety disorder?

<p>Excessive worry, restlessness, trouble sleeping</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is agoraphobia?

<p>A fear of situations where the person perceives their environment to be unsafe</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the most common anxiety disorders mentioned in the text?

<p>Specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, generalised anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers panic attacks in specific phobia and social anxiety (and most other anxiety disorders)?

<p>Specific phobia, social anxiety, and most other anxiety disorders can trigger panic attacks, or they can occur spontaneously (panic disorder)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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