Cervical Nerves and Spinal Cord Overview
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Questions and Answers

How many cervical spinal nerves do humans have?

  • 8 (correct)
  • 7
  • 10
  • 12

    • What is the primary purpose of the blood-brain barrier?

  • Protect neurons from toxic substances (correct)
  • Produce cerebrospinal fluid
  • Facilitate nerve signal transmission
  • Generate neurotransmitters

    • Where is cerebrospinal fluid obtained during a spinal tap?

  • Dura mater
  • Subarachnoid space (correct)
  • Epidural space
  • Cerebral cortex

    • What structure surrounds individual axons and their Schwann cells?

    <p>Endoneurium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain connects the medulla to the midbrain?

    <p>Pons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the post-synaptic membrane during an IPSP?

    <p>It hyperpolarizes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the tapered cone-shaped region immediately inferior to the lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord?

    <p>Conus medullaris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when multiple action potentials arrive at the same synapse in quick succession?

    <p>Temporal summation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of acetylcholinesterase in the synapse?

    <p>Breaks down acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neuroglia cells provide support and nutrition to ganglia in the CNS?

    <p>Satellite cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs if there is rapid removal or destruction of neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft?

    <p>No action potential in the synaptic cleft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does saltatory conduction enhance the speed of action potentials?

    <p>By jumping along the Nodes of Ranvier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the large C-shaped mass of white matter that connects the two cerebral hemispheres?

    <p>Corpus callosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure connects the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?

    <p>Infundibulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three components of the brain stem?

    <p>Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cerebellum?

    <p>Maintenance of muscle tone and coordination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is responsible for controlling blood pressure?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of synaptic pathway is formed when two or more presynaptic neurons synapse with a postsynaptic neuron in the CNS?

    <p>Convergent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) are received simultaneously by a neuron?

    <p>No change occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of calcium ions in neurotransmitter release?

    <p>They trigger the release from synaptic vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the absolute refractory period?

    <p>No further action potential can occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neuron conducts pain sensations to the central nervous system (CNS)?

    <p>Sensory neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neuroglial cells are damaged in Multiple Sclerosis?

    <p>Oligodendrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would likely occur if there was an injury to the thalamus?

    <p>Sensory overload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cervical Spinal Nerves

    • 8 cervical spinal nerves

    Spinal Cord Origin

    • Foramen magnum

    Blood Brain Barrier

    • Protects neurons from toxins in the blood

    Presynaptic Terminals

    • Axon distal portions

    Endoneurium

    • Surrounds individual axons and Schwann cells

    Spinal Cord Gray/White Matter

    • Gray matter is inside
    • White matter is outside

    Spinal Tap Location

    • Subarachnoid space

    Epidural Space

    • Between vertebral walls and dura mater
    • Anesthesia injection site

    Spinal Cord Termination

    • L2 (Cauda equina)

    Reflex Arc Diagram

    • Diagram shows sensory input, spinal cord, motor neuron

    Phantom Limb Pain

    • Pain felt in amputated area

    Arachnoid Mater

    • Thin, spider-like meninge

    Gyri

    • Increase cortex surface area

    Conus Medullaris

    • Tapered cone below lumbar enlargement

    Pons

    • Connects medulla to midbrain

    Presynaptic Terminal Release

    • Neurotransmitters

    Peripheral Nervous System

    • Nerves outside brain and spinal cord
    • Cranial nerves
    • Spinal nerves

    Hypothalamus

    • Major control center of ANS and endocrine system

    Temporal Summation

    • 5+ action potentials at the same synapse

    IPSP

    • Inhibitory, causes hyperpolarization

    Association Neurons

    • Carry action potential between neurons in the CNS

    Hydrocephaly

    • Pressure exerted on the brain if left untreated

    Depolarization

    • Less negative (more positive) inside cell

    Absolute Refractory Period

    • Cell insensitive to further stimulation

    Saltatory Conduction

    • Rapid action potential transmission along Nodes of Ranvier

    Satellite Cells

    • Neuroglia that support and nourish ganglia in CNS

    Cranial/Spinal Nerves

    • 12 cranial, 31 spinal

    Acetylcholinesterase

    • Breaks down acetylcholine in the synapse

    Synaptic Cleft

    • Rapid removal of neurotransmitter: no action potential

    Hyperpolarization

    • Potassium ions diffuse out of cell, membrane potential becomes more negative
    • Sensory neurons move to -80 mV

    White Matter

    • Bundles of myelinated axons

    Threshold Potential

    • Opening of sodium ion channels

    Potassium Permeability Increase

    • Hyperpolarization of cells

    CNS Components

    • Brain and spinal cord

    Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

    • Produced in the ventricles

    Corpus Callosum

    • Connects cerebral hemispheres

    Cerebrum Lobes

    • 5 lobes (temporal, parietal, occipital, frontal, insula)

    Cerebral Cortex

    • Grey matter on the outer surface

    Hypothalamus (Function)

    • Slow growth, reduced metabolism, uncontrolled appetite

    Brain Stem Components

    • Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

    Sensory Input Pathway

    • Spinal cord and brain stem to thalamus

    Infundibulum

    • Connects hypothalamus and pituitary gland

    Arbor Vitae

    • Branching structure of cerebellum

    Cerebellum (Function)

    • Muscle tone, posture, locomotion, fine motor coordination

    Pons (Function)

    • Connects medulla to midbrain

    Medulla Oblongata (Function)

    • Rapid heart rate, elevated blood pressure

    CNS Pathways

    • Convergent pathways involve multiple presynaptic neurons

    Spatial Summation

    • Multiple IPSPs or EPSPs at the same time

    Local Anesthesia

    • Makes brain permeable to sodium ions: Blocks sensory input to CNS

    Neurotransmitter Release

    • Requires calcium ions

    Presynaptic Terminal

    • Site of neurotransmitter release

    Absolute Refractory Period

    • Prevents further action potentials until repolarization is complete

    Sodium Ion Influx

    • Causes depolarization

    Hyperpolarization (Mechanism)

    • Potassium ions diffuse out of the cell

    Microglia Cell Function

    • Active in brain infections

    Multiple Sclerosis

    • Damage to myelin sheath (Oligodendrocytes)

    Bipolar Neurons

    • Neuron with one axon and one dendrite

    Sensory/Afferent Neuron

    • Conducts pain sensations to CNS

    Synapse

    • Junction between neurons

    Problem Solving Skills

    • Not specified in the text

    Thalamus Injury

    • Sensory overload

    Cerebral Aqueduct

    • Connects 3rd and 4th ventricles

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    Related Documents

    BIOL 223A-002 Exam 4 In-Class Review PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on cervical spinal nerves and the anatomy of the spinal cord with this comprehensive quiz. Explore key concepts such as the blood-brain barrier, spinal cord termination, and reflex arcs, as well as unique conditions like phantom limb pain. Perfect for students of anatomy and physiology.

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