Podcast
Questions and Answers
How many cervical spinal nerves do humans have?
How many cervical spinal nerves do humans have?
- 8 (correct)
- 7
- 10
- 12
What is the primary purpose of the blood-brain barrier?
What is the primary purpose of the blood-brain barrier?
- Protect neurons from toxic substances (correct)
- Produce cerebrospinal fluid
- Facilitate nerve signal transmission
- Generate neurotransmitters
Where is cerebrospinal fluid obtained during a spinal tap?
Where is cerebrospinal fluid obtained during a spinal tap?
- Dura mater
- Subarachnoid space (correct)
- Epidural space
- Cerebral cortex
What structure surrounds individual axons and their Schwann cells?
What structure surrounds individual axons and their Schwann cells?
Which part of the brain connects the medulla to the midbrain?
Which part of the brain connects the medulla to the midbrain?
What happens to the post-synaptic membrane during an IPSP?
What happens to the post-synaptic membrane during an IPSP?
What is the tapered cone-shaped region immediately inferior to the lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord?
What is the tapered cone-shaped region immediately inferior to the lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord?
What occurs when multiple action potentials arrive at the same synapse in quick succession?
What occurs when multiple action potentials arrive at the same synapse in quick succession?
What is the function of acetylcholinesterase in the synapse?
What is the function of acetylcholinesterase in the synapse?
What type of neuroglia cells provide support and nutrition to ganglia in the CNS?
What type of neuroglia cells provide support and nutrition to ganglia in the CNS?
What occurs if there is rapid removal or destruction of neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft?
What occurs if there is rapid removal or destruction of neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft?
How does saltatory conduction enhance the speed of action potentials?
How does saltatory conduction enhance the speed of action potentials?
What is the large C-shaped mass of white matter that connects the two cerebral hemispheres?
What is the large C-shaped mass of white matter that connects the two cerebral hemispheres?
Which structure connects the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?
Which structure connects the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?
What are the three components of the brain stem?
What are the three components of the brain stem?
What is the primary function of the cerebellum?
What is the primary function of the cerebellum?
What structure is responsible for controlling blood pressure?
What structure is responsible for controlling blood pressure?
What type of synaptic pathway is formed when two or more presynaptic neurons synapse with a postsynaptic neuron in the CNS?
What type of synaptic pathway is formed when two or more presynaptic neurons synapse with a postsynaptic neuron in the CNS?
What happens if an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) are received simultaneously by a neuron?
What happens if an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) are received simultaneously by a neuron?
What is the primary function of calcium ions in neurotransmitter release?
What is the primary function of calcium ions in neurotransmitter release?
What occurs during the absolute refractory period?
What occurs during the absolute refractory period?
What type of neuron conducts pain sensations to the central nervous system (CNS)?
What type of neuron conducts pain sensations to the central nervous system (CNS)?
Which neuroglial cells are damaged in Multiple Sclerosis?
Which neuroglial cells are damaged in Multiple Sclerosis?
What would likely occur if there was an injury to the thalamus?
What would likely occur if there was an injury to the thalamus?
Flashcards
Cervical Spinal Nerves
Cervical Spinal Nerves
There are 8 cervical spinal nerves.
Spinal Cord Origin
Spinal Cord Origin
The spinal cord begins at the Foramen Magnum.
Blood-Brain Barrier
Blood-Brain Barrier
Protects neurons from harmful blood substances.
Presynaptic Terminal
Presynaptic Terminal
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Endoneurium
Endoneurium
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Grey/White Matter Location (Spinal Cord)
Grey/White Matter Location (Spinal Cord)
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Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Location for Tap
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Location for Tap
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Phantom Pain
Phantom Pain
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Absolute Refractory Period
Absolute Refractory Period
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Saltatory Conduction
Saltatory Conduction
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Satellite Cells
Satellite Cells
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Cranial Nerves
Cranial Nerves
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Acetylcholinesterase
Acetylcholinesterase
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Hyperpolarization
Hyperpolarization
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White Matter
White Matter
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Sodium Channels Open
Sodium Channels Open
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Medulla Oblongata Function
Medulla Oblongata Function
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Hypothalamus Role
Hypothalamus Role
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Convergent Pathway
Convergent Pathway
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Spatial Summation Effect
Spatial Summation Effect
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Local Anesthetic Action
Local Anesthetic Action
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Neurotransmitter Release
Neurotransmitter Release
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Action Potential's All-or-None Principle
Action Potential's All-or-None Principle
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Hyperpolarization
Hyperpolarization
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Study Notes
Cervical Spinal Nerves
- 8 cervical spinal nerves
Spinal Cord Origin
- Foramen magnum
Blood Brain Barrier
- Protects neurons from toxins in the blood
Presynaptic Terminals
- Axon distal portions
Endoneurium
- Surrounds individual axons and Schwann cells
Spinal Cord Gray/White Matter
- Gray matter is inside
- White matter is outside
Spinal Tap Location
- Subarachnoid space
Epidural Space
- Between vertebral walls and dura mater
- Anesthesia injection site
Spinal Cord Termination
- L2 (Cauda equina)
Reflex Arc Diagram
- Diagram shows sensory input, spinal cord, motor neuron
Phantom Limb Pain
- Pain felt in amputated area
Arachnoid Mater
- Thin, spider-like meninge
Gyri
- Increase cortex surface area
Conus Medullaris
- Tapered cone below lumbar enlargement
Pons
- Connects medulla to midbrain
Presynaptic Terminal Release
- Neurotransmitters
Peripheral Nervous System
- Nerves outside brain and spinal cord
- Cranial nerves
- Spinal nerves
Hypothalamus
- Major control center of ANS and endocrine system
Temporal Summation
- 5+ action potentials at the same synapse
IPSP
- Inhibitory, causes hyperpolarization
Association Neurons
- Carry action potential between neurons in the CNS
Hydrocephaly
- Pressure exerted on the brain if left untreated
Depolarization
- Less negative (more positive) inside cell
Absolute Refractory Period
- Cell insensitive to further stimulation
Saltatory Conduction
- Rapid action potential transmission along Nodes of Ranvier
Satellite Cells
- Neuroglia that support and nourish ganglia in CNS
Cranial/Spinal Nerves
- 12 cranial, 31 spinal
Acetylcholinesterase
- Breaks down acetylcholine in the synapse
Synaptic Cleft
- Rapid removal of neurotransmitter: no action potential
Hyperpolarization
- Potassium ions diffuse out of cell, membrane potential becomes more negative
- Sensory neurons move to -80 mV
White Matter
- Bundles of myelinated axons
Threshold Potential
- Opening of sodium ion channels
Potassium Permeability Increase
- Hyperpolarization of cells
CNS Components
- Brain and spinal cord
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
- Produced in the ventricles
Corpus Callosum
- Connects cerebral hemispheres
Cerebrum Lobes
- 5 lobes (temporal, parietal, occipital, frontal, insula)
Cerebral Cortex
- Grey matter on the outer surface
Hypothalamus (Function)
- Slow growth, reduced metabolism, uncontrolled appetite
Brain Stem Components
- Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
Sensory Input Pathway
- Spinal cord and brain stem to thalamus
Infundibulum
- Connects hypothalamus and pituitary gland
Arbor Vitae
- Branching structure of cerebellum
Cerebellum (Function)
- Muscle tone, posture, locomotion, fine motor coordination
Pons (Function)
- Connects medulla to midbrain
Medulla Oblongata (Function)
- Rapid heart rate, elevated blood pressure
CNS Pathways
- Convergent pathways involve multiple presynaptic neurons
Spatial Summation
- Multiple IPSPs or EPSPs at the same time
Local Anesthesia
- Makes brain permeable to sodium ions: Blocks sensory input to CNS
Neurotransmitter Release
- Requires calcium ions
Presynaptic Terminal
- Site of neurotransmitter release
Absolute Refractory Period
- Prevents further action potentials until repolarization is complete
Sodium Ion Influx
- Causes depolarization
Hyperpolarization (Mechanism)
- Potassium ions diffuse out of the cell
Microglia Cell Function
- Active in brain infections
Multiple Sclerosis
- Damage to myelin sheath (Oligodendrocytes)
Bipolar Neurons
- Neuron with one axon and one dendrite
Sensory/Afferent Neuron
- Conducts pain sensations to CNS
Synapse
- Junction between neurons
Problem Solving Skills
- Not specified in the text
Thalamus Injury
- Sensory overload
Cerebral Aqueduct
- Connects 3rd and 4th ventricles
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Description
Test your knowledge on cervical spinal nerves and the anatomy of the spinal cord with this comprehensive quiz. Explore key concepts such as the blood-brain barrier, spinal cord termination, and reflex arcs, as well as unique conditions like phantom limb pain. Perfect for students of anatomy and physiology.
