BIOL 223A-002 Exam 4 In-Class Review PDF

BIOL 223A-002 - **Exam 4 In Class Review** **November 6, 2024** NSU Fall 2024 Dr. Kebede 1. How many cervical spinal nerves do we have? - 8 1. Where does the spinal cord begin? - Foramen Magnum 2. What protects neurons from toxic substances in the blood? - Blood Brain B...

BIOL 223A-002 - **Exam 4 In Class Review** **November 6, 2024** NSU Fall 2024 Dr. Kebede 1. How many cervical spinal nerves do we have? - 8 1. Where does the spinal cord begin? - Foramen Magnum 2. What protects neurons from toxic substances in the blood? - Blood Brain Barrier 3. What structures have a distal portion that runs to form the presynaptic terminals? - Axon 4. What surrounds individual axons and their Schwann cells? - Endoneurium 5. In the cross-sectional view of the spinal cord where would we find the gray matter and the white matter? - Grey inside - White outside 6. During a spinal tap cerebrospinal fluid is obtained from which location? - Subarachnoid space 7. What space found between the vertebral walls and the dura matter and is the area for injecting anesthesia for childbirth? - Epidural space 8. Where does the spinal cord end? - L2 -- Cauda Equina 9. There will be a diagram of the reflex arc, sensory input, spinal cord, motor neuron 10. Amputees frequently perceive pain in their amputated structure what type of pain is that? - Phantom pain 11. What is the middle thin spider like meninge? - Arachnoid mater 12. What increases the surface area of the cortex in the brain? - Gyrus (Gyri) 13. What is the tapered cone line regions immediately inferior to the lumbar enlargement? - Conus medullaris 14. What part of the brain connects the medulla to the mid brain? - Pons 15. What is released from the presynaptic terminal? - Neurotransmitters 16. What is contained in the peripheral nervous system? - Nerves outside of the brain - Spinal and cranial nerves 17. What part of the brain serves as the major control center of the ANS and endocrine system? - Hypothalamus 18. If you have 5 actions potentials arrive at the same synapse in very close succession what would occur? - Temporal summation 19. IPSP is inhibitory because it does what to the post synaptic membrane? - Hyperpolarizes the post synaptic membrane. 20. Which neuron within the CNS carries action potential from one neuron to another? - Association neurons 21. You have a patient that's diagnosed with hydrocephaly what will this do if left untreated? - pressure would be exerted on the brain. 22. What happens to the plasma membrane when sodium ions enter? - Depolarization -- less negative or more positive inside 23. During which period is the cell insensitive to further stimulation? - Absolute refractory period 24. How are action potentials conducted more rapidly? - Traveling and jumping along the Nodes of Ranvier - Saltatory conduction 25. What type of neuroglia cells provide support and nutrition to ganglia in the CNS? - Satellite cells 26. There are how many pairs of cranial and spinal nerves? - 12 cranial - 31 spinal 27. What is the function of acetylcholinesterase in the synapse? - Breaks down acetylcholine. 28. If there is rapid removal or destruction of neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft what will happen? - No action potential in the synaptic cleft 29. A series of membranes potentials causes a sensory neuron to move to -80 MV. - Hyperpolarization 30. What is white matter composed of? - Bindles Myelinated axons 31. When a local potential reaches threshold what happens? - Sodium ion channels open 32. Your patient presents with a virus that increases membrane permeability to potassium what do you expect his cells to do? - The patient's cells are hyperpolarized. 33. What does the CNS include? - Brain and spinal cord 34. What is the site for processing information? - Central nervous system 35. (CSF) Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by the tissues in the walls of which structures? - Ventricles of the brain 36. What is the large C shaped mass of white matter that connects the two cerebral hemispheres? - Corpus collosum 37. How many lobes of the cerebrum do we have? - 5 - temporal - Parietal - Occipital - Frontal - Insula 38. The grey matter on the outer surface of the cerebrum is called what? - The cerebral cortex 39. You have a young patient that exhibits slow growth and reduced metabolism and uncontrolled appetite what part of his brain is involved? - Hypothalamus 40. What are the 3 components of the brain stem? - Mid brain pons medulla oblongata 41. Most sensory input ascends through the spinal cord and the brain stem - projects to which structure? - Thalamus 42. What connects the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland? - Infundibulum 43. What matter of the cerebellum forms a branching structure? - Arbor vitae 44. What structure helps in the maintenance of muscle tone controls posture locomotion and fine motor coordination? - Cerebellum 45. What is part of the brain that connects the medulla to the midbrain? - Pons 46. Your patient presents with a small lesion in the brain stem which results in rapid heart rate and high blood pressure? - Medulla oblongata 47. The thermostat that controls blood pressure is where? - Hypothalamus 48. When two or more presynaptic neuron cross with synaptic neurons in the CNS what kind of pathway is formed? - Convergent 49. What happens if one IPSP and one EPSP are sent to a neuron at the same time? - Spatial summation -- nothing happens. 50. A local anesthetic such as Novocain makes the brain permeable to sodium ions, what would this do? - Blocks sensory input into the CNS. 51. What happens when there is an influx of chloride or influx of potassium ions? - IPSP 52. What ion is necessary for the release of neurotransmitter from synaptic vesicle? - Calcium 53. Where are neurotransmitters released from? - Presynaptic terminal 54. What does the absolute refractory period assure? - No further action potential occurs -- assures completion of repolarization before another action potential. 55. A stimulus causes Action Potential or not -- what is this called? - All or none principle 56. Depolarization of the nerve cell membrane occurs when there is a rapid influx of what? - Sodium ion 57. What happens to the cell is potassium ions diffuse out of the cell. - Hyperpolarization 58. Your patient is treated for a neurological condition with a drug that targets neurons deep within the brain which neuroglial cell must be bypassed by this drug? - Astrocytes 59. Your patient has a microbial infection attacking his brain which cell type would you expect to be most active and proliferate? - Microglia cells 60. Multiple Sclerosis is a neuron disorder in which the myelin sheath is destroyed. Which cells are being damaged in MS? - Oligodendrocytes 61. What do we call a neuron with a single axon and dendrite? - Bipolar 62. How would you classify a neuron that conduct pain sensations to the CNS? - Sensory or Afferent neuron 63. Which division of the PNS transmit impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscle? - Motor division - Efferent 64. What do we call the junction of a neuron with another cell? - Synapse 65. What is responsible for problem solving skills? - CNS 66. What would happen is there is injury to the thalamus? - Sensory overload 67. What does the cerebral aqueduct connect? - 3^rd^ and 4^th^ ventricles