44 Questions
What does turbidity in cerebrospinal fluid indicate?
Increased cell count
Where does the absorption of cerebrospinal fluid primarily occur?
Dural sinuses
What is the approximate rate of cerebrospinal fluid production in dogs?
3 mL/hr
Which type of hydrocephalus is caused by an obstruction to CSF flow?
Non-communicating hydrocephalus
What can cause communicating hydrocephalus?
Decreased CSF absorption
What happens in the brain during non-communicating hydrocephalus?
Ventricles expand, increasing intracranial pressure
Which of the following is NOT a component of the blood-brain barrier?
Oligodendrocytes
What is the primary function of the tight junctions in brain capillaries?
To block the passage of solutes through the intercellular clefts
Which of the following molecules can easily pass across the capillary endothelium of the blood-brain barrier?
Nicotine
What is the primary mechanism by which glucose and some amino acids can cross the blood-brain barrier?
By specific, carrier-mediated transport mechanisms
Which of the following statements about the blood-brain barrier is FALSE?
It has a high rate of pinocytosis
Which of the following cell types is NOT directly involved in the structure of the blood-brain barrier?
Neurons
Which of the following is NOT a function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
Facilitating the transport of oxygen to brain cells
Where is CSF primarily produced?
Choroid plexuses in the ventricles
What is the correct flow pathway of CSF through the ventricular system?
Lateral ventricles → Third ventricle → Cerebral aqueduct → Fourth ventricle → Subarachnoid space
Which of the following processes is NOT involved in the production of CSF?
Active transport of glucose into the ventricles
Which of the following meninges is the outermost layer surrounding the brain and spinal cord?
Dura mater
What is the primary function of the blood-brain barrier?
To prevent the entry of toxins and pathogens into the brain
What is hydrocephalus?
An excessive buildup of CSF in the ventricles and subarachnoid space
Where is CSF typically sampled in humans?
From the subarachnoid space in the lumbar spinal column
Which of the following statements about the meninges is correct?
The dura mater fuses with the inner surface of the skull bones.
Which of the following is a component of the blood-brain barrier?
Tight junctions between ependymal cells covering the capillaries in the choroid plexus
What prevents the passage of molecules through intercellular clefts in brain capillaries?
Tight junctions
Which molecules are 'repelled' by the blood-brain barrier and will not reach the nervous tissue?
Antibiotics and anti-parasitic drugs
What is a characteristic feature of the blood-brain barrier that allows the passage of small, uncharged, lipid-soluble molecules?
Presence of tight junctions
What type of transport mechanism enables molecules like glucose and some amino acids to pass through the blood-brain barrier?
Carrier-mediated transport
Which component surrounds the endothelium in brain capillaries at the blood-brain barrier?
Pericytes
What role do specific carrier systems play in relation to solutes at the blood-brain barrier?
Facilitating uptake of solutes
What does a pink tint in cerebrospinal fluid suggest?
Presence of blood
Which type of hydrocephalus is often caused by an obstruction to cerebrospinal fluid flow?
Non-communicating hydrocephalus
Where does most of the absorption of cerebrospinal fluid into the venous system occur?
Arachnoid villi
What is the primary cause of increased intracranial pressure in communicating hydrocephalus?
Impairment of absorption
What volume of cerebrospinal fluid is typically produced daily in humans?
$20$ mL/hr
What happens in the brain during non-communicating hydrocephalus?
Expansion of ventricular regions at the expense of brain tissue
What is the main function of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
To cushion the brain against physical trauma
Where is the cerebrospinal fluid primarily produced?
In the choroid plexus of the ventricles
How does the cerebrospinal fluid flow through the central nervous system?
From the ventricles to the subarachnoid space, and then into the venous system
What is the primary function of the blood-brain barrier?
To prevent the entry of harmful substances into the brain
What is the main role of the tight junctions in the blood-brain barrier?
To restrict the movement of most molecules between the blood and brain
What is the outermost layer of the meninges that surrounds the brain and spinal cord?
Dura mater
Which of the following is a function of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
Maintaining a consistent extracellular environment for neurons and glia cells
What is the primary mechanism by which the choroid plexus produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
Active transport of sodium and chloride ions
Where is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) typically sampled in humans?
From the subarachnoid space in the lumbar spinal column
What is the primary function of the arachnoid mater, one of the meningeal layers?
To trap cerebrospinal fluid between it and the pia mater
Test your knowledge on the structure and function of meninges, formation and flow of cerebrospinal fluid, absorption into the venous system, hydrocephalus, components of the blood brain barrier, and its importance for brain function.
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