Central Neurotransmitters: Excitatory and Inhibitory Pathways Quiz

Study Notes

Neurotransmitters and Receptors

Excitatory Neurotransmitter: Glutamate is a primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain.
Receptor Activated by Nicotine: Nicotine activates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs).
Inhibitory Neurotransmitter: Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) serves as the main inhibitory neurotransmitter.
Receptor Activated by LSD: Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) primarily activates serotonin receptors, especially the 5-HT2A receptor.
Substantia Nigra Neurotransmitter: Dopamine is associated with the substantia nigra, crucial for motor control and reward mechanisms.
Receptor Activated by Muscarine: Muscarine activates muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs).
Locus Coeruleus Neurotransmitter: Norepinephrine is the main neurotransmitter linked to the locus coeruleus, influencing arousal and stress response.
Receptor Activated by Phenothiazines: Phenothiazines primarily block dopamine D2 receptors, used in antipsychotic treatment.
Amygdaloid Nucleus Neurotransmitter: In the amygdala, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a key neurotransmitter involved in emotion processing.
Receptor Activated by Taurine: Taurine is associated with glycine receptors, playing a role in inhibitory signaling.
Hippocampus Neurotransmitter: Glutamate is also prominently associated with the hippocampus, essential for learning and memory.
Receptor Activated by Strychnine: Strychnine is a potent antagonist of glycine receptors, leading to excitatory effects on the central nervous system.

Mechanisms of Action

GABA A Receptor Mechanism: GABA A receptors are ionotropic channels that mediate fast inhibitory neurotransmission by allowing chloride ions to enter the neuron, hyperpolarizing the cell.
Receptor Associated with NMDA: NMDA receptors are a subtype of glutamate receptors involved in synaptic plasticity and memory function.
Effect of Glycine on Chloride Conductance: Glycine enhances chloride ion conductance, contributing to inhibitory neurotransmission.
H1 Receptor Neurotransmitter Association: Histamine is associated with H1 receptors, influencing wakefulness and allergic responses.
Mu Opioid Receptor Mechanism: Mu opioid receptors mediate effects of endogenous peptides (like endorphins) and exogenous opioids, primarily through inhibition of neuronal excitability and neurotransmitter release.
Receptor Associated with Tachykinins: Tachykinins, such as substance P, act on neurokinin receptors, influencing pain perception and inflammatory responses.