Central Nervous System (CNS) Quiz

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Central Nervous System Functions

The Central Nervous System (CNS) is composed of the brain and spinal cord. Its primary functions include gathering information from various parts of the body, coordinating activities, controlling organ functions, and acting as the control center for thinking and learning.

Brain Anatomy

The brain is divided into several distinct sections, including the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. The cerebrum is responsible for higher cognitive functions, while the cerebellum contributes to balance and coordination skills. The brainstem acts as a bridge connecting the brain to the rest of the nervous system and performs vital functions such as respiration and heart rate regulation.

Spinal Cord Structure

The spinal cord serves as the caudal extension of the CNS, transmitting signals between the periphery and the rest of the nervous system. It extends from the foramen magnum of the skull to the first or second lumbar vertebrae and is structured into four main regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral. These regions are further divided into 31 segments, each connected to a pair of spinal nerves.

Neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that facilitate communication between nerve cells, muscles, and glands. Examples include acetylcholine, serotonin, dopamine, and endorphins. These molecules bind to specific receptors on target cells, triggering changes or actions such as electrical signals, muscle contractions, or hormone releases.

Neurological Disorders

Several neurological conditions can impact the CNS, such as multiple sclerosis, which affects the insulating cover of nerve fibers, leading to disruptions in signal transmission. Other disorders include traumatic injuries, infections, degenerative diseases like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's, structural defects such as anencephaly, and autoimmune disorders.