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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the mitochondria in a cell?
generate energy for the cell through cellular respiration
What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in a cell?
transport and synthesize proteins
What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
genotype is the genetic makeup of an individual, while phenotype is the physical expression of genotype
What is the main mechanism of evolution that results from the interaction between the environment and the population?
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What is the primary function of the nervous system in the human body?
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What is the process by which water moves into a cell, causing it to swell, and can eventually cause the cell to rupture?
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What is the term for the movement of genes from one population to another, leading to genetic variation?
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What is the primary function of the circulatory system in the human body?
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What is the term for the process by which a new species emerges from a single species?
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What is the term for the symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected?
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Study Notes
Cellular Structure
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Cellular Organelles:
- Nucleus: contains DNA, controls cell growth and reproduction
- Mitochondria: generates energy for the cell through cellular respiration
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): transports and synthesizes proteins
- Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
- Lysosomes: breaks down and recycles cellular waste
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Cell Membrane:
- Semipermeable, allowing certain substances to pass through
- Composed of phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
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Cellular Transport:
- Passive transport: diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
- Active transport: requires energy, moves molecules against concentration gradient
Genetics
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DNA Structure:
- Double helix model, composed of nucleotides (A, C, G, T)
- Genetic information encoded in sequence of nucleotides
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Genetic Inheritance:
- Mendel's laws of inheritance: segregation, independent assortment, dominance
- Genotype: genetic makeup of an individual
- Phenotype: physical expression of genotype
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Genetic Variation:
- Mutations: changes in DNA sequence
- Genetic drift: random change in allele frequency
- Gene flow: movement of genes between populations
Evolution
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Mechanisms of Evolution:
- Natural selection: adaptation to environment
- Genetic drift: random change in allele frequency
- Gene flow: movement of genes between populations
- Mutation: changes in DNA sequence
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Evidence for Evolution:
- Fossil record: chronological record of evolutionary history
- Comparative anatomy: similarities and differences in body structure
- Molecular biology: similarities in DNA and protein sequences
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Speciation:
- Allopatric speciation: geographic isolation leads to new species
- Sympatric speciation: reproductive isolation within a population
Ecosystems
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Ecosystem Components:
- Biotic factors: living organisms (producers, consumers, decomposers)
- Abiotic factors: non-living components (light, temperature, water, nutrients)
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Energy Flow:
- Producers: convert sunlight into energy through photosynthesis
- Consumers: obtain energy by consuming other organisms
- Decomposers: break down organic matter, releasing nutrients
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Ecosystem Interactions:
- Symbiotic relationships: mutualism, commensalism, parasitism
- Predator-prey relationships: predation, competition
Human Body Systems
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Nervous System:
- Central nervous system (CNS): brain and spinal cord
- Peripheral nervous system (PNS): nerves and ganglia
- Functions: control, coordination, communication
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Circulatory System:
- Heart: pumps blood throughout the body
- Blood vessels: arteries, veins, capillaries
- Functions: oxygen delivery, nutrient delivery, waste removal
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Immune System:
- Functions: defense against pathogens, disease prevention
- Components: lymphatic system, white blood cells, antibodies
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Description
Learn about the different components of a cell, including organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, and lysosomes, and the cell membrane's structure and function.
