Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
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Questions and Answers

What molecule is regenerated during the process shown in the diagram?

  • Ethanol
  • NAD+ (correct)
  • Pyruvate
  • CO2

What is produced when pyruvate is broken down?

  • Glucose and oxygen
  • ATP and water
  • CO2 and ethanol (correct)
  • NADH and NAD+

How many molecules of pyruvate are produced in the process shown?

  • 4
  • 3
  • 2 (correct)
  • 1

Besides glucose, what other types of organic molecules can cells use as fuel for cellular respiration?

<p>Macromolecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process results in the production of ethanol?

<p>Alcoholic fermentation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the end product of glycolysis?

<p>Pyruvate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a product of breaking down fats?

<p>Sugars (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary energy currency produced by cellular respiration?

<p>ATP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process regenerates $NAD^+$ during lactic acid fermentation?

<p>The reduction of pyruvate to lactate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cycle does Acetyl CoA enter in cellular respiration?

<p>Citric Acid Cycle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can perform lactic acid fermentation?

<p>Muscle cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cellular respiration, amino acids can break down into amino groups, which then combine with what?

<p>Acetyl CoA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes fatigue and cramping in muscle cells during intense activity?

<p>Build-up of lactate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced during glycolysis?

<p>Pyruvate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides muscle cells, what other organisms perform lactic acid fermentation?

<p>Bacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the starting molecule in glycolysis?

<p>Glucose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP molecules are initially invested in the glycolysis process?

<p>2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the cell does the Krebs cycle take place?

<p>Mitochondrial Matrix (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced when pyruvic acid is oxidized prior to the Krebs cycle?

<p>Acetyl CoA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is fermentation?

<p>Anaerobic harvesting of energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main issue in the Chicago Tylenol murders case?

<p>Product contamination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In video platform Edpuzzle, what can teachers track?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which environment does anaerobic harvesting of energy occur in?

<p>Oxygen-poor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Chicago Tylenol murders led to what change in product packaging?

<p>Tamper-evident packaging (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process does anaerobic respiration always begin with?

<p>Glycolysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced during lactic acid fermentation?

<p>Lactate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the net ATP production in anaerobic respiration?

<p>2 ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to pyruvate under anaerobic conditions during alcohol fermentation?

<p>It is reduced to form alcohol and $CO_2$. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of molecule is NOT a primary source of calories for cells?

<p>Minerals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which food product relies on propionic acid fermentation for its unique flavor?

<p>Swiss Cheese (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial breakdown product of carbohydrates in cellular respiration?

<p>Glucose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Into what molecules are fats broken down during cellular respiration?

<p>Glycerol and fatty acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule carries electrons to the electron transport chain?

<p>NADH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the Krebs cycle take place in eukaryotic cells?

<p>Mitochondrion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of oxidative phosphorylation?

<p>ATP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What powers the synthesis of ATP from ADP in chemiosmosis?

<p>Kinetic energy of H+ flowing through ATP synthase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Before entering the citric acid cycle, pyruvate is converted into which molecule?

<p>Acetyl CoA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the cell does glycolysis occur?

<p>Cytosol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced when glucose is converted during Glycolysis?

<p>Pyruvate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what part of the cell does glycolysis take place?

<p>Cytoplasm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the net ATP gain from glycolysis?

<p>2 ATP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is produced during glycolysis that can be used in the electron transport chain?

<p>NADH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of breaking glucose into pyruvate during glycolysis?

<p>To fit inside the mitochondria for further processing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which stage of cellular respiration is the most ATP produced?

<p>Electron Transport Chain/Oxidative Phosphorylation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the electron transport chain?

<p>To convert the energy in NADH and FADH2 to ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the net ATP gain from a single turn of the Krebs cycle derived from one pyruvate molecule?

<p>2 ATP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following molecules is produced during the Krebs cycle?

<p>Carbon Dioxide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the mitochondria does the electron transport chain occur?

<p>Cristae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is a case study?

Study of real-world situations for analysis.

Chicago Tylenol Murders

Chicago Tylenol murders were a series of poisoning deaths resulting from drug tampering.

What is fermentation?

A process that harvests energy without oxygen

Anaerobic Energy Harvesting

Harvesting energy without oxygen.

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What is Complete Edpuzzle?

Complete Edpuzzle: A web based edtech platform for video assessment.

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Lactic Acid Fermentation

An anaerobic process where glucose is converted to lactate, regenerating NAD+ for glycolysis.

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Bacteria in Fermentation

Lactic acid fermentation occurs in these single-celled organisms to produce products like yogurt and buttermilk.

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Muscle Cells & Fermentation

Lactic acid fermentation happens here in response to low oxygen levels.

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Glucose in Fermentation

In lactic acid fermentation this is the starting molecule that is broken down.

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Pyruvate's Role

The end product of glycolysis that is converted to lactate during fermentation.

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What is pyruvate?

A 3-carbon molecule that is the end product of glycolysis.

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Alcoholic fermentation

A type of fermentation where pyruvate is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide.

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What is NAD+?

A molecule that accepts electrons and is reduced to NADH, playing a vital role in energy transfer.

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Cellular fuel sources

Cells can use various organic molecules, not just carbs, for cellular respiration.

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Cellular Respiration

Process that breaks down food (carbohydrates, fats, proteins) to produce ATP (energy).

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Glycolysis

Sugars are broken down into glucose, which splits into pyruvate.

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Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)

Pyruvate converts to Acetyl CoA, feeding into a cycle that generates ATP and electron carriers.

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Oxidative Phosphorylation

Process using electron carriers (NADH) to generate a large amount of ATP.

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Redox Reactions

Reactions that transfer electrons required for cellular respiration.

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What is Glucose?

The starting molecule of glycolysis, broken down to extract energy.

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What is Glycolysis?

A metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.

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What is ATP investment in Glycolysis?

Two ATP molecules are consumed in the initial steps of glycolysis to energize glucose.

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What is the Krebs Cycle?

A series of chemical reactions that extracts energy from acetyl-CoA, producing ATP, NADH, and FADH2.

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Glycerol and Fatty Acids

Fats are broken down into these two components during cellular respiration.

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Amino Acids

Proteins are broken down into these during cellular respiration.

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Krebs Cycle Goal

To extract maximum energy from pyruvic acid, oxidizing it into acetyl CoA.

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Krebs Cycle Location

Mitochondrial matrix.

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Krebs Cycle Products

2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 (per glucose molecule, cycle runs twice).

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ETC/Oxidative Phosphorylation Goal

Converts NADH and FADH2 energy to ATP.

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ETC/Oxidative Phosphorylation Location

Cristae of mitochondria.

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Anaerobic Respiration

A metabolic process that produces ATP without oxygen, beginning with glycolysis and yielding a net of 2 ATP.

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Fermentation

Recycling NAD+ from NADH during anaerobic conditions to allow glycolysis to continue producing ATP.

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Propionic Acid Fermentation

A fermentation process mainly carried out by bacteria to produce propionic acid. It gives swiss cheese its flavor.

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Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

A series of protein complexes that transfer electrons, releasing energy to pump H+ ions and create a gradient.

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Chemiosmosis

The process where the H+ gradient's kinetic energy is used by ATP synthase to produce ATP from ADP.

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Location of Glycolysis, Krebs, and ETC

Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol, Krebs cycle and ETC take place in the mitochondrion.

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NADH and FADH2

Molecules that carry electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to the electron transport chain.

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What is the Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle?

A cycle that captures high-energy electrons in NADH and FADH2, occurring in the mitochondrial matrix.

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What is the Electron Transport Chain/Oxidative Phosphorylation?

Where energy from high-energy electrons creates a concentration gradient for ATP production, occurring in the cristae of mitochondria.

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Goal of Glycolysis?

To break glucose in half, yielding 2 ATP and 2 NADH.

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Study Notes

Stages of Cellular Respiration

  • There are three steps of aerobic cellular respiration: glycolysis, Krebs/citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain/oxidative phosphorylation.

Glycolysis

  • Glycolysis splits glucose in half, creating pyruvate.
  • This occurs in the cytoplasm.
  • The net gain is 2 ATP and 2 NADH.
  • The reactant/product is Glucose.

Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle

  • The purpose is to extract as much energy as possible from pyruvic acid by oxidizing it into acetyl co-A prior to the cycle.
  • It occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria.
  • The gain is 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2
  • Each glucose molecule processed results in doubled outputs, as the cycle runs twice per glucose molecule.
  • The reactant/product involved is CO2.

Electron Transport Chain/Oxidative Phosphorylation

  • The purpose is to convert energy carried by NADH, H+, and FADH2 to ATP.
  • It occurs in the cristae of mitochondria.
  • The gain is 32 ATP.
  • Reactants/Products involved are H2O and O2.
  • Chemiosmosis, the kinetic energy of H+ flowing back through ATP synthase powers the synthesis of ATP from ADP.

Anaerobic Repiration

  • Starts with Glycolysis
  • Pyruvate will be used for either propionic, alcoholic, or lactic acid fermentation
  • A total of 2 ATP are produced.

Fermentation

  • Enables cells to produce ATP without oxygen.
  • Muscle cells, yeast, and bacteria produce ATP by glycolysis under anaerobic conditions.
  • NAD+ is recycled from NADH as pyruvate is reduced to lactate (lactic acid fermentation or alcohol and CO2 (alcohol fermentation)

Lactic Acid Fermentation

  • Bacteria is used in production of buttermilk and yogurt.
  • Muscle cells, and shortage of O2 causes fatigue, burning, and cramping.

Fuel for Cellular Respiration

  • Most calories are obtained as carbohydrates (such as sucrose and other disaccharide sugars and starch, a polysaccharide), fats, and proteins.
  • A cell can use carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to make ATP.

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Description

Test your knowledge of cellular respiration and fermentation. Questions cover key molecules, processes, and products like pyruvate, ethanol, ATP, and the role of different organic molecules. Explore lactic acid fermentation and its impact on muscle function.

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