Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary product of alcoholic fermentation?

  • Pyruvate
  • Acetaldehyde
  • Ethanol (correct)
  • Lactic acid

Which of the following best describes the process of glycolysis?

  • A reversible pathway leading to aerobic respiration
  • An anaerobic pathway involving substrate-level phosphorylation (correct)
  • A pathway requiring oxygen that primarily produces ATP
  • A cycle that completely oxidizes glucose to carbon dioxide

What does lactic acid fermentation convert pyruvate into?

  • Lactate (correct)
  • Acetaldehyde
  • Ethanol
  • Acetyl-CoA

Which of the following statements about NAD+ is true during fermentation?

<p>It is regenerated from NADH during fermentation processes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding anaerobic respiration is correct?

<p>It can occur through glycolysis followed by either lactic acid or alcoholic fermentation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of pyruvate oxidation in cellular respiration?

<p>To prepare pyruvate for the Krebs cycle. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about glycolysis is correct?

<p>Glycolysis results in the production of pyruvate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a result of the reaction during pyruvate oxidation?

<p>Production of NADH. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the cell does the Krebs cycle take place?

<p>Mitochondrial matrix. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of CoA in the pyruvate oxidation reaction?

<p>It helps to transfer the acetyl group to the Krebs cycle. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many H⁺ ions are moved to synthesize one molecule of ATP?

<p>1 H⁺ ion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ubiquinone in the electron transport chain?

<p>Join with electrons transferred from NADH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes is NOT part of oxidative phosphorylation?

<p>Synthesis of glucose from pyruvates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the total ATP yield from a single glucose molecule, which is the potential maximum produced through FADH₂?

<p>4 ATP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP molecules can possibly result from NADH generated in the Krebs Cycle?

<p>18 ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of FMN in NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I)?

<p>It is reduced by NADH and oxidized by Fe2+. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component does cytochrome b-c1 complex (Complex III) transfer electrons to?

<p>Cytochrome c. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to electrons after they are received by cytochrome a from cytochrome c?

<p>They are passed to cytochrome a3 to combine with oxygen. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of each electron transfer reaction in the cytochrome oxidase complex?

<p>It releases energy to pump protons into the intermembrane space. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is oxygen considered the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

<p>It has a high electronegativity, making it capable of accepting electrons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?

<p>It generates ATP by utilizing NADH and FADH₂. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the components found in the electron transport chain?

<p>A combination of protein complexes and electron carriers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the electron transport chain utilize redox reactions?

<p>By facilitating the passage of electrons through protein complexes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the structural organization of the electron transport chain?

<p>It consists of four transmembrane structures and a pair of electron carriers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the energy production in the electron transport chain is incorrect?

<p>The electron transport chain directly produces glucose. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the product formed when Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate reacts with NAD+ during glycolysis?

<p>1,3-biphosphoglycerate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which compound is generated during the conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinate in the Krebs cycle?

<p>GTP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the final product of glycolysis before entering the Krebs cycle?

<p>Pyruvate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which step of the Krebs cycle is CO2 produced?

<p>Conversion of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of molecule is NAD+ considered in cellular respiration?

<p>Coenzyme (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of deamination in protein digestion?

<p>To remove amino groups and create ammonia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes a product of carbohydrate breakdown?

<p>Sucrose is converted to glucose and fructose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do components of the electron transport chain primarily function within a cell?

<p>Inner mitochondrial membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following amino acids enters the metabolic pathway as acetyl-CoA?

<p>Leucine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of protons ($H^+$ ions) in the electron transport chain?

<p>To contribute to the generation of ATP through a proton gradient (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of β-oxidation in terms of the metabolic pathway?

<p>Production of acetyl-CoA from fatty acids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the fate of amino acids during protein catabolism?

<p>They undergo deamination to form ammonia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the absence of oxygen, what is the role of NADH during glycolysis?

<p>It transfers hydrogen atoms to pyruvate to regenerate NAD⁺ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced during lactic acid fermentation?

<p>Lactic acid from pyruvate with no release of CO₂ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are 2-carbon acetyl groups generated during β-oxidation utilized?

<p>They enter the Krebs cycle as acetyl-CoA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the primary difference between lactase fermentation and ethanol fermentation?

<p>Lactase fermentation occurs in animal cells, while ethanol fermentation occurs in yeast cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the lactate threshold (LT)?

<p>It refers to the absolute intensity of exercise beyond which lactate begins to accumulate in the blood. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

<p>It absorbs light energy to drive the photosynthetic process. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes regarding photosynthesis?

<p>Some prokaryotes can photosynthesize, but typically lack specific organelles for this function. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the simplified equation for photosynthesis, what are the primary reactants?

<p>Carbon dioxide and water. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cuticle in leaves?

<p>To prevent water loss and provide protection. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of the palisade cells contributes most to their role in photosynthesis?

<p>They are tightly packed and contain numerous chloroplasts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of guard cells in leaf function?

<p>They regulate the opening and closing of stomata. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes spongy cells from palisade cells in a leaf?

<p>Spongy cells have air spaces between them for gas exchange. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of vascular bundles in leaves?

<p>To transport water, nutrients, and carbohydrates throughout the plant. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Anaerobic Respiration

A metabolic process that does not require oxygen to create energy.

Glycolysis

An anaerobic process that breaks down glucose to create energy without oxygen.

Substrate-level phosphorylation

A metabolic reaction that produces ATP by transferring phosphate groups directly from a substrate to ADP.

Alcohol Fermentation

A type of anaerobic respiration where pyruvate is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide.

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Lactic Acid Fermentation

A type of anaerobic respiration where pyruvate is converted to lactate (lactic acid).

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Pyruvate Oxidation

The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, releasing carbon dioxide and producing NADH.

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Cellular Respiration Prep Step

A preparatory step that prepares pyruvate for the Krebs Cycle.

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Mitochondria

The part of the cell where the remaining steps of cellular respiration occur.

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Pyruvate

The end product of glycolysis, needing to be processed for cellular respiration.

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Krebs Cycle

A series of reactions that releases energy from acetyl CoA, producing ATP, NADH and FADH2.

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Electron Transport Chain Location

Located on the inner mitochondrial membrane.

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ETC Components

Protein complexes, prosthetic groups, non-protein/transmembrane components, electron carriers.

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ETC Function

Produces energy using electrons from NADH and FADH₂ (created from glucose).

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ETC Structure

Consists of protein complexes, and electron carriers in the membrane.

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ETC Energy Source

The electron transport chain uses electrons from NADH and FADH₂ to make energy.

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NADH Dehydrogenase

A complex in the electron transport chain that oxidizes NADH, reducing other components and passing electrons to ubiquinone.

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Cytochrome b-c1 Complex

A component of the electron transport chain accepting electrons from ubiquinone and passing them to cytochrome c.

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Cytochrome c

A protein that carries electrons between complex III and complex IV in the electron transport chain.

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Cytochrome Oxidase Complex

The final complex in the electron transport chain that transfers electrons to oxygen, forming water.

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Electron Transport Chain Components

A series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane that facilitates the transfer of electrons to ultimately produce water.

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Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

A series of protein complexes within the inner mitochondrial membrane that transfer electrons from NADH and FADH2, generating a proton gradient used for ATP synthesis.

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Chemiosmosis

The process of ATP production using the energy of an electrochemical gradient across a membrane, specifically the inner mitochondrial membrane.

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ATP Synthesis

The process that converts ADP to ATP using the energy from the electrochemical gradient generated across the inner mitochondrial membrane during chemiosmosis

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H⁺ ion movement

H⁺ ions flowing back into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase, a protein complex, driving ATP production.

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Oxidative Phosphorylation

The final stage of cellular respiration, where the majority of ATP is produced by the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.

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Carbohydrate Breakdown

Process of breaking down polysaccharides into simpler sugars (monosaccharides).

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Protein Breakdown

Proteins are broken down into amino acids; amino groups are removed as ammonia.

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Electron Transport Chain

Series of reactions in mitochondria that use electrons to produce ATP energy.

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Disaccharide Breakdown

Disaccharides (like maltose, lactose, and sucrose) are broken down into monosaccharides which the cell can use

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Deamination

Removal of amino groups from amino acids, releasing ammonia.

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Glycolysis Input

Glycolysis starts with glucose and uses energy (ATP) to initially break it down, ultimately creating pyruvate.

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Krebs Cycle Input

The Krebs cycle begins with Acetyl-CoA, a molecule derived from pyruvate. This molecule enters a series of reactions that release energy.

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NADH and FADH2 Function

NADH and FADH2 are electron carriers produced in both Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. They carry these electrons to the Electron Transport Chain.

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Pyruvate's Fate

Pyruvate, produced in glycolysis, can be converted to Acetyl-CoA to enter the Krebs cycle under aerobic conditions.

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Electron Transport Chain Role

The electron transport chain uses the electrons carried by NADH and FADH2 to create a large amount of ATP, the primary energy currency for cells.

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β-oxidation

The breakdown of fatty acids into 2-carbon acetyl-CoA molecules.

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Fatty Acid Degradation

Fatty acids are sequentially broken down into 2-carbon acetyl groups, portions that are converted to acetyl-CoA prior to entering the Krebs cycle.

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Deamination

The removal of an amino group (NH₂) from an amino acid, producing ammonia.

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Anaerobic energy production

Energy production without oxygen. Hydrogen atoms are transferred to pyruvate or acetaldehyde; forming NAD⁺, allowing continued glycolysis.

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Lactic acid fermentation

Hydrogen atoms are transferred to pyruvate in the absence of oxygen, producing lactic acid.

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Lactase Fermentation

A metabolic process that occurs in animal cells during intense exercise, producing lactate as a byproduct.

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VO2 max

The maximum amount of oxygen the body can use per minute per kilogram of body mass during maximal exertion.

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Lactate Threshold (LT)

The exercise intensity at which blood lactate concentration increases rapidly.

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Photosynthesis Equation (Simplified)

carbon dioxide + water → sugar + oxygen.

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Photosynthesis Organelle

Chloroplasts are the organelles where photosynthesis occurs in eukaryotic organisms.

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Leaf Epidermis

The outermost layer of cells covering both surfaces of a leaf; acts as a protective barrier

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Mesophyll and Photosynthesis

The main photosynthetic tissue within a leaf, containing palisade and spongy cells.

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Leaf Cuticle

A waxy, protective layer on the outer surface of a leaf that reduces water loss.

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Stomata Function

Small openings on the leaf surface, usually on the lower epidermis, controlling gas exchange.

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Leaf Veins (Vascular Bundles)

The transport system within a leaf, including xylem for water transport.

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