Cells and Their Organelles

Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of mitochondria in a cell?

Protein synthesis

Cell division

DNA replication

ATP production (correct)

Which principle states that the activity of an organism depends on the collective activities of its cells?

Cell Theory (correct)

Continuity of Life Principle

Principle of Complementary

Mitosis Principle

Who is credited with the discovery of cells and the naming of the term 'cells'?

Theodor Schwann

Matthias Schleiden

Robert Hooke (correct)

Rudolf Virchow

What are the three main regions of a cell?

Nucleus, Plasma Membrane, Cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell division results in two daughter cells from one parent cell?

Mitosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (Rough ER)?

Synthesis of proteins that migrate into tubules Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cellular extension is primarily responsible for moving entire cells?

Flagella Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary role of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?

Modification and packaging of proteins Signup and view all the answers

What do lysosomes primarily do within a cell?

Digest non-usable materials and foreign substances Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for detoxifying harmful substances in liver and kidney cells?

Peroxisomes Signup and view all the answers

How do microtubules contribute to cell function?

They provide structural support and shape. Signup and view all the answers

What defines passive transport processes across the plasma membrane?

They occur without the use of cellular energy. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures are primarily involved in increasing the surface area of cells?

Microvilli Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the process of active transport?

Requires ATP and moves substances from lower to higher concentration. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?

Serves as coverings and linings for body structures. Signup and view all the answers

In which phase does DNA replication occur during the cell life cycle?

Interphase Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of epithelial tissues?

Highly vascular with a rich blood supply. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during prophase of mitosis?

Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes hypertonic solutions?

Higher concentration of solutes outside the cell causing cell shrinkage. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vesicular transport involves the cell

Phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of stages in mitosis?

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelial tissue consists of a single layer of flat cells?

Simple Squamous Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of endocrine glands?

Releases hormones directly into the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue serves as the body’s main reservoir for stored energy?

Adipose tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelial tissue is characterized by multiple layers of cells?

Stratified Squamous Signup and view all the answers

What feature distinguishes exocrine glands from endocrine glands?

Exocrine glands have ducts for secretion Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue is characterized by having an extracellular matrix that provides flexibility and resist stretching?

Elastic connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

What primary role does collagen serve in connective tissues?

Resists stretching Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cartilage is the most abundant and forms supportive structures like the larynx?

Hyaline cartilage Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of fibrocartilage?

To cushion and absorb compressive forces between vertebrae Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue is characterized by a high concentration of elastic fibers?

Elastic cartilage Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes areolar tissue?

Is the most widely distributed type of connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle tissue is involuntary and has a single nucleus per cell?

Smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the functions of nervous tissue?

Send impulses to other areas of the body Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of muscle tissue?

Reticular Signup and view all the answers

What process describes the replacement of destroyed tissue with the same type of cells?

Regeneration Signup and view all the answers

Which connective tissue type primarily functions in weight-bearing support and absorbs compressive shock?

Fibrocartilage Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Orbital and Middle Ear Cavities

Orbital cavities house the eyes and associated structures.
Middle ear cavities contain the auditory ossicles and are involved in hearing.

Cells: Basic Unit of Life

Cells are highly organized structures with specialized organelles.
Cell theory: foundational principles in biology outlining the significance of cells in living organisms.

Discovery of Cells

Robert Hooke discovered cells in 1665 using a microscope; he observed cork and compared the structures to monk's rooms.

Cell Theory

Formulated by Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow:
- Cells are the basic unit of life.
- Collective activities of cells determine organism functionality.
- Cell shape and subcellular structures influence biochemical activities.
- Continuity of life has a cellular basis.

Function of Cells

Key functions include metabolism, energy usage, molecule synthesis, communication, mitosis, and reproduction.

Mitosis and Reproduction

Mitosis produces two daughter cells from one parent cell and is essential for growth and reproduction.

Anatomy of Cells

Cells have three main regions: nucleus, plasma membrane, and rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
Rough ER is involved in protein synthesis; smooth ER is involved in lipid metabolism and detoxification.

Golgi Apparatus

A stack of membranous sacs that modify proteins and produce secretory vesicles, cell membrane components, and lysosomes.

Lysosomes

Contain enzymes for digesting non-usable materials and foreign substances, abundant in phagocytes.

Peroxisomes

Membranous sacs with oxidase enzymes, crucial for detoxifying harmful substances, notably in liver and kidney cells.

Cytoskeleton

A protein network supporting cell shape, consisting of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.

Cell Extensions

Cilia, flagella, and microvilli enhance cell functions and surface area for absorption.

Cell Physiology

Plasma membrane selectively permeable; substances can cross via passive processes (e.g., diffusion) or active transport requiring ATP.

Membrane Transport

Passive processes move substances from high to low concentration; active transport moves them against the gradient.

Tonicity

Describes the effect of solutions on cell size:
- Isotonic: no change.
- Hypertonic: cells shrink.
- Hypotonic: cells swell.

Cell Division

Interphase involves growth and metabolic activities; mitosis involves DNA replication and nuclear division, followed by cytokinesis.

Stages of Mitosis

PMAT: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase; cytokinesis initiates during anaphase and completes in telophase.

Central Dogma of Biology

Describes the flow of genetic information: DNA to RNA to proteins.

Tissue Types in Histology

Primary types: epithelial (covering), connective (supporting), muscle (movement), nervous (signaling).

Epithelial Tissue

Functions: protection, absorption, filtration, secretion; can be simple (one layer) or stratified (multiple layers) and vary in cell shape.

Glandular Epithelial Tissue

Two types: endocrine (ductless, secretes hormones) and exocrine (secretes through ducts).

Connective Tissue

The most abundant tissue, characterized by variations in blood supply and presence of an extracellular matrix (ECM).

Types of Connective Tissue

Includes bone, cartilage, dense connective tissue, loose connective tissue, and blood.

Muscle Tissue

Types include skeletal (voluntary), cardiac (involuntary, striated), and smooth (involuntary, non-striated) muscle.

Nervous Tissue

Composed of neurons and neuroglia, responsible for impulse transmission and support of nerve cells.

Tissue Repair

Regeneration involves replacing destroyed tissue with the same type; involves complex biological processes during wound healing.

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Description

Explore the fundamental concepts of cells, including their discovery by Robert Hooke and the various specialized structures known as organelles. This quiz will cover the basic unit of life and their organization within living organisms.