Cells and Their Organelles
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of mitochondria in a cell?

  • Protein synthesis
  • Cell division
  • DNA replication
  • ATP production (correct)

    • Which principle states that the activity of an organism depends on the collective activities of its cells?

  • Cell Theory (correct)
  • Continuity of Life Principle
  • Principle of Complementary
  • Mitosis Principle

    • Who is credited with the discovery of cells and the naming of the term 'cells'?

  • Theodor Schwann
  • Matthias Schleiden
  • Robert Hooke (correct)
  • Rudolf Virchow

    • What are the three main regions of a cell?

    <p>Nucleus, Plasma Membrane, Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cell division results in two daughter cells from one parent cell?

    <p>Mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (Rough ER)?

    <p>Synthesis of proteins that migrate into tubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cellular extension is primarily responsible for moving entire cells?

    <p>Flagella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary role of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?

    <p>Modification and packaging of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do lysosomes primarily do within a cell?

    <p>Digest non-usable materials and foreign substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for detoxifying harmful substances in liver and kidney cells?

    <p>Peroxisomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do microtubules contribute to cell function?

    <p>They provide structural support and shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines passive transport processes across the plasma membrane?

    <p>They occur without the use of cellular energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures are primarily involved in increasing the surface area of cells?

    <p>Microvilli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the process of active transport?

    <p>Requires ATP and moves substances from lower to higher concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?

    <p>Serves as coverings and linings for body structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase does DNA replication occur during the cell life cycle?

    <p>Interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of epithelial tissues?

    <p>Highly vascular with a rich blood supply.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during prophase of mitosis?

    <p>Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes hypertonic solutions?

    <p>Higher concentration of solutes outside the cell causing cell shrinkage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vesicular transport involves the cell

    <p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct order of stages in mitosis?

    <p>Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelial tissue consists of a single layer of flat cells?

    <p>Simple Squamous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of endocrine glands?

    <p>Releases hormones directly into the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of connective tissue serves as the body’s main reservoir for stored energy?

    <p>Adipose tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelial tissue is characterized by multiple layers of cells?

    <p>Stratified Squamous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature distinguishes exocrine glands from endocrine glands?

    <p>Exocrine glands have ducts for secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of connective tissue is characterized by having an extracellular matrix that provides flexibility and resist stretching?

    <p>Elastic connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary role does collagen serve in connective tissues?

    <p>Resists stretching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cartilage is the most abundant and forms supportive structures like the larynx?

    <p>Hyaline cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of fibrocartilage?

    <p>To cushion and absorb compressive forces between vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of connective tissue is characterized by a high concentration of elastic fibers?

    <p>Elastic cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes areolar tissue?

    <p>Is the most widely distributed type of connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle tissue is involuntary and has a single nucleus per cell?

    <p>Smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the functions of nervous tissue?

    <p>Send impulses to other areas of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of muscle tissue?

    <p>Reticular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process describes the replacement of destroyed tissue with the same type of cells?

    <p>Regeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which connective tissue type primarily functions in weight-bearing support and absorbs compressive shock?

    <p>Fibrocartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Orbital and Middle Ear Cavities

    • Orbital cavities house the eyes and associated structures.
    • Middle ear cavities contain the auditory ossicles and are involved in hearing.

    Cells: Basic Unit of Life

    • Cells are highly organized structures with specialized organelles.
    • Cell theory: foundational principles in biology outlining the significance of cells in living organisms.

    Discovery of Cells

    • Robert Hooke discovered cells in 1665 using a microscope; he observed cork and compared the structures to monk's rooms.

    Cell Theory

    • Formulated by Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow:
      • Cells are the basic unit of life.
      • Collective activities of cells determine organism functionality.
      • Cell shape and subcellular structures influence biochemical activities.
      • Continuity of life has a cellular basis.

    Function of Cells

    • Key functions include metabolism, energy usage, molecule synthesis, communication, mitosis, and reproduction.

    Mitosis and Reproduction

    • Mitosis produces two daughter cells from one parent cell and is essential for growth and reproduction.

    Anatomy of Cells

    • Cells have three main regions: nucleus, plasma membrane, and rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
    • Rough ER is involved in protein synthesis; smooth ER is involved in lipid metabolism and detoxification.

    Golgi Apparatus

    • A stack of membranous sacs that modify proteins and produce secretory vesicles, cell membrane components, and lysosomes.

    Lysosomes

    • Contain enzymes for digesting non-usable materials and foreign substances, abundant in phagocytes.

    Peroxisomes

    • Membranous sacs with oxidase enzymes, crucial for detoxifying harmful substances, notably in liver and kidney cells.

    Cytoskeleton

    • A protein network supporting cell shape, consisting of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.

    Cell Extensions

    • Cilia, flagella, and microvilli enhance cell functions and surface area for absorption.

    Cell Physiology

    • Plasma membrane selectively permeable; substances can cross via passive processes (e.g., diffusion) or active transport requiring ATP.

    Membrane Transport

    • Passive processes move substances from high to low concentration; active transport moves them against the gradient.

    Tonicity

    • Describes the effect of solutions on cell size:
      • Isotonic: no change.
      • Hypertonic: cells shrink.
      • Hypotonic: cells swell.

    Cell Division

    • Interphase involves growth and metabolic activities; mitosis involves DNA replication and nuclear division, followed by cytokinesis.

    Stages of Mitosis

    • PMAT: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase; cytokinesis initiates during anaphase and completes in telophase.

    Central Dogma of Biology

    • Describes the flow of genetic information: DNA to RNA to proteins.

    Tissue Types in Histology

    • Primary types: epithelial (covering), connective (supporting), muscle (movement), nervous (signaling).

    Epithelial Tissue

    • Functions: protection, absorption, filtration, secretion; can be simple (one layer) or stratified (multiple layers) and vary in cell shape.

    Glandular Epithelial Tissue

    • Two types: endocrine (ductless, secretes hormones) and exocrine (secretes through ducts).

    Connective Tissue

    • The most abundant tissue, characterized by variations in blood supply and presence of an extracellular matrix (ECM).

    Types of Connective Tissue

    • Includes bone, cartilage, dense connective tissue, loose connective tissue, and blood.

    Muscle Tissue

    • Types include skeletal (voluntary), cardiac (involuntary, striated), and smooth (involuntary, non-striated) muscle.

    Nervous Tissue

    • Composed of neurons and neuroglia, responsible for impulse transmission and support of nerve cells.

    Tissue Repair

    • Regeneration involves replacing destroyed tissue with the same type; involves complex biological processes during wound healing.

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    Description

    Explore the fundamental concepts of cells, including their discovery by Robert Hooke and the various specialized structures known as organelles. This quiz will cover the basic unit of life and their organization within living organisms.

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