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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of mitochondria in a cell?
What is the primary role of mitochondria in a cell?
- Protein synthesis
- Cell division
- DNA replication
- ATP production (correct)
Which principle states that the activity of an organism depends on the collective activities of its cells?
Which principle states that the activity of an organism depends on the collective activities of its cells?
- Cell Theory (correct)
- Continuity of Life Principle
- Principle of Complementary
- Mitosis Principle
Who is credited with the discovery of cells and the naming of the term 'cells'?
Who is credited with the discovery of cells and the naming of the term 'cells'?
- Theodor Schwann
- Matthias Schleiden
- Robert Hooke (correct)
- Rudolf Virchow
What are the three main regions of a cell?
What are the three main regions of a cell?
What type of cell division results in two daughter cells from one parent cell?
What type of cell division results in two daughter cells from one parent cell?
What is the main function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (Rough ER)?
What is the main function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (Rough ER)?
Which type of cellular extension is primarily responsible for moving entire cells?
Which type of cellular extension is primarily responsible for moving entire cells?
What is a primary role of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?
What is a primary role of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?
What do lysosomes primarily do within a cell?
What do lysosomes primarily do within a cell?
Which structure is responsible for detoxifying harmful substances in liver and kidney cells?
Which structure is responsible for detoxifying harmful substances in liver and kidney cells?
How do microtubules contribute to cell function?
How do microtubules contribute to cell function?
What defines passive transport processes across the plasma membrane?
What defines passive transport processes across the plasma membrane?
Which of the following structures are primarily involved in increasing the surface area of cells?
Which of the following structures are primarily involved in increasing the surface area of cells?
Which statement correctly describes the process of active transport?
Which statement correctly describes the process of active transport?
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
In which phase does DNA replication occur during the cell life cycle?
In which phase does DNA replication occur during the cell life cycle?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of epithelial tissues?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of epithelial tissues?
What occurs during prophase of mitosis?
What occurs during prophase of mitosis?
Which of the following best describes hypertonic solutions?
Which of the following best describes hypertonic solutions?
Which type of vesicular transport involves the cell
Which type of vesicular transport involves the cell
What is the correct order of stages in mitosis?
What is the correct order of stages in mitosis?
Which type of epithelial tissue consists of a single layer of flat cells?
Which type of epithelial tissue consists of a single layer of flat cells?
What is the main function of endocrine glands?
What is the main function of endocrine glands?
Which type of connective tissue serves as the body’s main reservoir for stored energy?
Which type of connective tissue serves as the body’s main reservoir for stored energy?
Which type of epithelial tissue is characterized by multiple layers of cells?
Which type of epithelial tissue is characterized by multiple layers of cells?
What feature distinguishes exocrine glands from endocrine glands?
What feature distinguishes exocrine glands from endocrine glands?
Which type of connective tissue is characterized by having an extracellular matrix that provides flexibility and resist stretching?
Which type of connective tissue is characterized by having an extracellular matrix that provides flexibility and resist stretching?
What primary role does collagen serve in connective tissues?
What primary role does collagen serve in connective tissues?
Which type of cartilage is the most abundant and forms supportive structures like the larynx?
Which type of cartilage is the most abundant and forms supportive structures like the larynx?
What is the primary function of fibrocartilage?
What is the primary function of fibrocartilage?
Which type of connective tissue is characterized by a high concentration of elastic fibers?
Which type of connective tissue is characterized by a high concentration of elastic fibers?
Which of the following correctly describes areolar tissue?
Which of the following correctly describes areolar tissue?
Which type of muscle tissue is involuntary and has a single nucleus per cell?
Which type of muscle tissue is involuntary and has a single nucleus per cell?
What is one of the functions of nervous tissue?
What is one of the functions of nervous tissue?
Which of the following is NOT a type of muscle tissue?
Which of the following is NOT a type of muscle tissue?
What process describes the replacement of destroyed tissue with the same type of cells?
What process describes the replacement of destroyed tissue with the same type of cells?
Which connective tissue type primarily functions in weight-bearing support and absorbs compressive shock?
Which connective tissue type primarily functions in weight-bearing support and absorbs compressive shock?
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Study Notes
Orbital and Middle Ear Cavities
- Orbital cavities house the eyes and associated structures.
- Middle ear cavities contain the auditory ossicles and are involved in hearing.
Cells: Basic Unit of Life
- Cells are highly organized structures with specialized organelles.
- Cell theory: foundational principles in biology outlining the significance of cells in living organisms.
Discovery of Cells
- Robert Hooke discovered cells in 1665 using a microscope; he observed cork and compared the structures to monk's rooms.
Cell Theory
- Formulated by Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow:
- Cells are the basic unit of life.
- Collective activities of cells determine organism functionality.
- Cell shape and subcellular structures influence biochemical activities.
- Continuity of life has a cellular basis.
Function of Cells
- Key functions include metabolism, energy usage, molecule synthesis, communication, mitosis, and reproduction.
Mitosis and Reproduction
- Mitosis produces two daughter cells from one parent cell and is essential for growth and reproduction.
Anatomy of Cells
- Cells have three main regions: nucleus, plasma membrane, and rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
- Rough ER is involved in protein synthesis; smooth ER is involved in lipid metabolism and detoxification.
Golgi Apparatus
- A stack of membranous sacs that modify proteins and produce secretory vesicles, cell membrane components, and lysosomes.
Lysosomes
- Contain enzymes for digesting non-usable materials and foreign substances, abundant in phagocytes.
Peroxisomes
- Membranous sacs with oxidase enzymes, crucial for detoxifying harmful substances, notably in liver and kidney cells.
Cytoskeleton
- A protein network supporting cell shape, consisting of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
Cell Extensions
- Cilia, flagella, and microvilli enhance cell functions and surface area for absorption.
Cell Physiology
- Plasma membrane selectively permeable; substances can cross via passive processes (e.g., diffusion) or active transport requiring ATP.
Membrane Transport
- Passive processes move substances from high to low concentration; active transport moves them against the gradient.
Tonicity
- Describes the effect of solutions on cell size:
- Isotonic: no change.
- Hypertonic: cells shrink.
- Hypotonic: cells swell.
Cell Division
- Interphase involves growth and metabolic activities; mitosis involves DNA replication and nuclear division, followed by cytokinesis.
Stages of Mitosis
- PMAT: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase; cytokinesis initiates during anaphase and completes in telophase.
Central Dogma of Biology
- Describes the flow of genetic information: DNA to RNA to proteins.
Tissue Types in Histology
- Primary types: epithelial (covering), connective (supporting), muscle (movement), nervous (signaling).
Epithelial Tissue
- Functions: protection, absorption, filtration, secretion; can be simple (one layer) or stratified (multiple layers) and vary in cell shape.
Glandular Epithelial Tissue
- Two types: endocrine (ductless, secretes hormones) and exocrine (secretes through ducts).
Connective Tissue
- The most abundant tissue, characterized by variations in blood supply and presence of an extracellular matrix (ECM).
Types of Connective Tissue
- Includes bone, cartilage, dense connective tissue, loose connective tissue, and blood.
Muscle Tissue
- Types include skeletal (voluntary), cardiac (involuntary, striated), and smooth (involuntary, non-striated) muscle.
Nervous Tissue
- Composed of neurons and neuroglia, responsible for impulse transmission and support of nerve cells.
Tissue Repair
- Regeneration involves replacing destroyed tissue with the same type; involves complex biological processes during wound healing.
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