Cell Biology: Types of Cells and Organelles
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Cell Biology: Types of Cells and Organelles

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?

  • To control the entry and exit of molecules from the cell
  • To create energy for the cell
  • To store chromosomes and DNA (correct)
  • To provide structure to the cell
  • Which type of cell lacks a nucleus?

  • Animal cell
  • Prokaryotic cell (correct)
  • Eukaryotic cell
  • Plant cell
  • What is the main function of the cytoskeleton?

  • To transport molecules around the cell
  • To provide energy for the cell
  • To create molecules for the cell
  • To maintain the 3D structure of the cell (correct)
  • What is the purpose of the lysosome in a cell?

    <p>To destroy unneeded molecules inside the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it necessary for cells to be small in size?

    <p>To prevent the cell from becoming less efficient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the mitochondria in a cell?

    <p>To create energy for the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which a cell divides into two or more cells?

    <p>Cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the linear stretch of DNA in a cell?

    <p>Chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the G2 checkpoint?

    <p>To verify that DNA replication is complete and accurate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of mitosis do the sister chromatids line up along the metaphase plate?

    <p>Metaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the spindle fibers shortening during anaphase?

    <p>The separation of sister chromatids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of the cell cycle does the chromatin make exact copies of itself?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the cytoplasm pinching inward at the equator during telophase?

    <p>The creation of a furrow, leading to cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the centromere during mitosis?

    <p>To attach to spindle fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Types

    • Prokaryotic cells: simple, single-celled organisms lacking a nucleus, much smaller than eukaryotic cells
    • Eukaryotic cells: composed of single cell or trillions of cells, with similarities to prokaryotes but having more organelles

    Cellular Organelles

    • Cell membrane: controls entry into and out of cell
    • Nucleus: stores chromosomes/DNA, acts as the "brain" of the cell
    • Cytoplasm (cytosol): jelly-like substance within the cell, mainly composed of water
    • Endoplasmic reticulum: transports molecules around the cell
      • Smooth: helps create cell membrane
      • Rough: helps create molecules the cell needs
    • Golgi bodies/apparatus: captures and releases molecules from other cells
    • Mitochondria: creates energy the cell needs, referred to as the "powerhouse" of the cell
    • Ribosomes: makes necessary molecules for cells
    • Vesicles and vacuoles: transports material around the cell, can fuse with other membranes
    • Lysosome: destroys unneeded molecules inside the cell, acts as the "garbage disposal" of the cell
    • Peroxisomes: metabolizes waste
    • Centrosome (centrioles): used to help one cell split into two cells
    • Cytoskeleton: maintains the 3D structure of the cell

    Cell Size

    • Small size is necessary for all cells
    • As the radius of a cell increases, its surface area increases, but its volume increases more rapidly
    • As a cell grows, it becomes less efficient, making it difficult for food to enter the cell and communicate with other cells

    Cell Division (Mitosis)

    • The process where one cell divides into two or more cells
    • Parent cell: initial cell
    • Daughter cell: two cells resulting from the parent cell

    DNA

    • Found in most cells, with eukaryotic cells having DNA in the nucleus
    • DNA helps create molecules in the cell and acts as a blueprint for everything in the cell
    • Chromosome: linear stretch of DNA
    • Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes
    • Chromatin: when DNA is string-like
    • Chromatid: during cell division, when chromosomes replicate and condense to create chromatid

    The Cell Cycle

    • Two main processes: interphase and mitosis/cytokinesis
    • Interphase: a cell resting and preparing for division
    • Mitosis/cytokinesis: the equal split of cytoplasm and organelles, resulting in two daughter cells with exact copies of DNA

    Phases of the Cell Cycle

    • Interphase:
      • G0: cell is in a resting state
      • G1: prepares for division, doubles in size, and centrosome doubles
      • S: DNA replicates, creating exact copies of chromosomes
      • G2: checks if DNA was copied properly
    • Prophase:
      • Centrosomes move to opposite sides of the cell
      • Doubled chromatin becomes sister chromatids
      • Chromatids attach to each other at the centromere
      • Nucleus disappears, and spindle fibers come from centrosomes and attach to chromatids
    • Metaphase:
      • Homologous sister chromatids line up along the metaphase plate
      • Sister chromatids are held perpendicular to the spindle fibers
    • Anaphase:
      • Each sister chromatid is pulled toward the poles as spindle fibers shorten via the centromere
    • Telophase:
      • Nucleus reforms, and chromatids uncoil and become chromatin
      • Spindle fibers disappear, and temporarily, two nuclei are in one cell
      • Cytoplasm pinches inward at the equator, creating a furrow
    • Cytokinesis:
      • Cytoplasm and organelles are distributed between the two daughter cells

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    Description

    This quiz covers the basics of cell biology, including the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and explores the various organelles found in animal cells.

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