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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?
Which type of cell lacks a nucleus?
What is the main function of the cytoskeleton?
What is the purpose of the lysosome in a cell?
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Why is it necessary for cells to be small in size?
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What is the primary function of the mitochondria in a cell?
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What is the term for the process by which a cell divides into two or more cells?
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What is the term for the linear stretch of DNA in a cell?
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What is the primary function of the G2 checkpoint?
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During which stage of mitosis do the sister chromatids line up along the metaphase plate?
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What is the result of the spindle fibers shortening during anaphase?
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During which stage of the cell cycle does the chromatin make exact copies of itself?
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What is the result of the cytoplasm pinching inward at the equator during telophase?
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What is the primary function of the centromere during mitosis?
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Study Notes
Cell Types
- Prokaryotic cells: simple, single-celled organisms lacking a nucleus, much smaller than eukaryotic cells
- Eukaryotic cells: composed of single cell or trillions of cells, with similarities to prokaryotes but having more organelles
Cellular Organelles
- Cell membrane: controls entry into and out of cell
- Nucleus: stores chromosomes/DNA, acts as the "brain" of the cell
- Cytoplasm (cytosol): jelly-like substance within the cell, mainly composed of water
- Endoplasmic reticulum: transports molecules around the cell
- Smooth: helps create cell membrane
- Rough: helps create molecules the cell needs
- Golgi bodies/apparatus: captures and releases molecules from other cells
- Mitochondria: creates energy the cell needs, referred to as the "powerhouse" of the cell
- Ribosomes: makes necessary molecules for cells
- Vesicles and vacuoles: transports material around the cell, can fuse with other membranes
- Lysosome: destroys unneeded molecules inside the cell, acts as the "garbage disposal" of the cell
- Peroxisomes: metabolizes waste
- Centrosome (centrioles): used to help one cell split into two cells
- Cytoskeleton: maintains the 3D structure of the cell
Cell Size
- Small size is necessary for all cells
- As the radius of a cell increases, its surface area increases, but its volume increases more rapidly
- As a cell grows, it becomes less efficient, making it difficult for food to enter the cell and communicate with other cells
Cell Division (Mitosis)
- The process where one cell divides into two or more cells
- Parent cell: initial cell
- Daughter cell: two cells resulting from the parent cell
DNA
- Found in most cells, with eukaryotic cells having DNA in the nucleus
- DNA helps create molecules in the cell and acts as a blueprint for everything in the cell
- Chromosome: linear stretch of DNA
- Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes
- Chromatin: when DNA is string-like
- Chromatid: during cell division, when chromosomes replicate and condense to create chromatid
The Cell Cycle
- Two main processes: interphase and mitosis/cytokinesis
- Interphase: a cell resting and preparing for division
- Mitosis/cytokinesis: the equal split of cytoplasm and organelles, resulting in two daughter cells with exact copies of DNA
Phases of the Cell Cycle
- Interphase:
- G0: cell is in a resting state
- G1: prepares for division, doubles in size, and centrosome doubles
- S: DNA replicates, creating exact copies of chromosomes
- G2: checks if DNA was copied properly
- Prophase:
- Centrosomes move to opposite sides of the cell
- Doubled chromatin becomes sister chromatids
- Chromatids attach to each other at the centromere
- Nucleus disappears, and spindle fibers come from centrosomes and attach to chromatids
- Metaphase:
- Homologous sister chromatids line up along the metaphase plate
- Sister chromatids are held perpendicular to the spindle fibers
- Anaphase:
- Each sister chromatid is pulled toward the poles as spindle fibers shorten via the centromere
- Telophase:
- Nucleus reforms, and chromatids uncoil and become chromatin
- Spindle fibers disappear, and temporarily, two nuclei are in one cell
- Cytoplasm pinches inward at the equator, creating a furrow
- Cytokinesis:
- Cytoplasm and organelles are distributed between the two daughter cells
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of cell biology, including the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and explores the various organelles found in animal cells.