Biology Chapter on Cells and Organelles

Biology Multiple Choice Questions

• Cell Organelles: The nucleus contains the genetic material (DNA) of animal cells.
• Lysosomes: Digest waste molecules and food particles.
• Protein Synthesis: Ribosomes are responsible for making proteins.
• Prokaryotic Cells: Lack an endoplasmic reticulum. They contain a cell wall, cytoplasm, and ribosomes.
• Cell Wall Function: Protects and supports the cell, primarily in plant cells.
• Photosynthesis: Chloroplasts convert light energy into sugar.
• Cell Movement: Flagella aid in cell swimming.
• Prokaryotic DNA Location: DNA is located in the nucleoid region in prokaryotic cells, not a nucleus. Plasmids are also found as separate DNA.
• Cell Type Identification: Identify the correct cell type.
• Chlorophyll: Captures light energy from the sun, a green pigment.
• Gamete Production: Meiosis produces gametes.
• Sexual Reproduction: Fertilization involves the combination of gametes from two parents.
• Genetic Material: Chromosomes carry genetic material.
• Mitosis: Key process for producing new body cells.
• Plant Fertilization: Plant fertilization can involve wind, water, and animals.
• Meiosis Product: Meiosis creates gametes, i.e., sperm or egg cells.
• Sexual Reproduction Advantage: Increased genetic variation for adaptation and evolution.
• Spontaneous Generation: The incorrect idea of life arising from non-living things.
• Reproduction Definition: Reproduction includes forming offspring and making new cells.
• Reproduction in All Living Things: All living things reproduce.
• Offspring Definition: New organisms produced by living things.
• Cell Reproduction: Cell division produces new cells.
• DNA Structure: DNA is a double helix with a sugar-phosphate backbone and nitrogenous bases.
• DNA Base Pairing: Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T), and Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C).
• DNA Structure (Backbone): DNA's backbone is made up of alternating sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate groups.
• RNA Function: RNA carries information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
• DNA Base Sequence: If one strand of DNA has the sequence ACGTTGACT, the complementary strand is TGCAACTGA.
• Cell Cycle Stages: The correct order: Interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.
• Mitosis Prophase: Chromosomes condense, the nucleolus disappears, spindle fibers form, BUT centrioles do NOT pull apart.
• Plant vs Animal Cell Cycle: Plant cells have a cell plate forming between daughter cells during cytokinesis, while animal cells have a cytoskeletal ring.
• Spindle Fibre Anchorage: Centrioles anchor spindle fibres during animal cell mitosis.
• Cell Division Rate: With one cell division every hour, eight hours yields 256 cells (2⁸).
• Amoeba Reproduction: Amoebas reproduce by mitotic cell division.
• Binary Fission Product: Binary fission produces two daughter cells of the same size and shape.
• Budding Characteristics: Budding produces two cells with potentially the same DNA (but possible mutations will create some sort of difference) but they differ in size.
• Mold Reproduction: Spores are the cells of reproduction in molds.
• Regeneration: Regeneration occurs in certain animals, not all.
• Human Regeneration: Limited and only specific to particular tissues.
• Ribosomes: Small structures made of RNA and proteins.
• Mitosis Spindle Apparatus: Centrioles are used with the spindle apparatus during mitosis.
• Ribosome Production: The nucleolus is responsible for producing ribosomes.
• Cell Movement: Cilia are hair-like projections aiding cell movement.
• Cell Interior: The cytoplasm is the jelly-like material within a cell membrane.
• Energy Production: Mitochondria transform energy for all eukaryotic cells.
• Lysosome Function: Lysosomes break down food, digest wastes, and remove worn-out cell parts.
• Cell Support: Microfilaments and microtubules provide structural support for cells.
• Prokaryote Definition: Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus.
• Binary Fission Example: Bacteria reproduce via binary fission.
• Mold Reproduction Method: Sporulation is the method of reproduction in molds.
• Mold Energy Source: Molds get their energy from the food they grow on.
• Mold Reproductive Units: Spores reproduce the molds
• Plant Reproduction Types: Plant reproduction can be both sexual and asexual.
• Plant Reproduction Methods: Strawberry plants reproduce both sexually and asexually.
• Plant Asexual Reproduction: Vegetative propagation is a form of asexual reproduction in plants.
• Cell Cycle Phase After Mitosis: Cytokinesis occurs immediately after mitosis.
• Mitosis Definition: Mitosis is the nuclear division process.
• Mitosis Cellular Structures: Spindles aid in chromosome movement during mitosis.
• Sister Chromatids: Joined strands of duplicated genetic material.
• Cellular Aging Theory: A possible cause of aging is the slower regeneration of cells as we age.
• Cancer Cause: Cancer is caused by cells, or mutated cells, reproducing too rapidly, or failing to reproduce, due to changes in their genetic material.
• Cellular Diversity: Cells in the human body perform different tasks during their lifetime.
• Organism Structure Hierarchy: Correct hierarchy for an organism.
• Cell Theory Principles: All living organisms are composed of cells, these are the basic unit of structure/function, all cells come from preexisting cells.
• Asexual Reproduction (General): In asexual reproduction, one parent produces offspring identical to itself.
• Asexual Reproduction Disadvantages:
• -Reduced diversity, leading to vulnerability to environmental changes and diseases
• -Increased competition for resources such as food and shelter in populations
• Plant Pollination Methods: Plants can be pollinated by wind, water, and animals.
• Human Fertilization Location: Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube.
• Meiosis Phases: Identify the stages of meiosis.
• Flower Parts: The pistil is the female part of a flower.
• Plant Sexual Reproduction: To sexually reproduce, a plant must form seeds
• Human Fertilization Process: Events occurring during human fertilization.
• ATP Production: Mitochondria produce energy in the form of ATP.
• Ribosome Function: Ribosomes synthesize proteins.
• Golgi Apparatus Function: The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion.

Chemistry Multiple Choice Questions

• Physical Properties: Corrosion is not a physical property, while hardness, color, and malleability are physical ones.
• Pure Substance Composition: A substance containing carbon and oxygen is likely a compound.
• Nuclear Components: Electrons are not found in the nucleus; Protons and neutrons are.
• Definition of Matter: Matter has mass and occupies space.
• Malleability: The ability to be hammered into thin sheets.
• Solid State of Matter: Solids have a definite shape and volume.
• Mass Definition: Mass measures the amount of matter in an object.
• Volume Definition: Volume measures the space occupied by an object.
• State Change: A change in the state of matter is a physical change.
• Chemical Property: Reactivity with oxygen is a chemical property, not color, melting point, or density.
• Density Definition: Density is the amount of matter packed into a given volume.
• Gas Characteristics: Gases do have a definite shape (they take the shape of their container)
• Solubility Definition: Solubility is a substance's ability to dissolve in another substance.
• Conductivity: The ability to transmit heat or electricity.
• Liquid State of Matter: Liquids have a definite volume but take the shape of their container.
• State Change (Boiling): Boiling changes a liquid to a gas.
• State Change (Melting): Metals that melt change from a solid to a liquid state.
• Ductility: The ability to be drawn into wires.
• Chemical Change: Iron rusting is a chemical change, not ice melting, water boiling, or sugar dissolving.
• Physical Property: Boiling point and melting point are physical properties of substances.
• Freezing: A liquid changing to a solid is called freezing.
• Condensation: A gas changing to a liquid is called condensation.
• Examples of Physical Change: Cutting paper and dissolving sugar.
• Smallest Unit of Matter: The smallest unit of matter is an atom.
• Effect of Heating on Particles: Heating makes particles move faster.
• Boiling Point: The boiling point is an example of a physical property.
• Ductility: The ability to be stretched into a thin wire is ductility.
• Chemical Change Definition: Chemical changes form new substances, not just size or shape changes.
• Viscosity: Measure of a fluid's resistance to flow.
• Density Equation: Determines the density of a material
• Chemical Property Example: Reactivity with water is a chemical property.
• Physical Change Example: Sugar dissolving in water is a physical change.
• Physical Property Example: Conductivity of a material is a physical property.
• Chemical Property Example: The ability of iron to rust is a chemical property.
• Chemical Change Example: Milk souring and iron rusting are examples of chemical changes.
• Elasticity: The ability to stretch without breaking.
• Physical Property Example (Water): Water's freezing point of 0°C is a physical property.
• Chemical Property vs Physical Property: Color change and flammability are examples of chemical properties; Boiling point is an example of a physical property.
• Chemical Change Examples: Baking cakes, wood burning, and paper combustion are chemical changes.
• Qualitative vs Quantitative Properties: Density is a quantitative property.
• Qualitative vs Quantitative Observations: The mass or weight of an object is part of a quantitative observations.
• Qualitative Example: Taste of a substance is a qualitative property.
• Quantitative Property Example: Density is a quantitative property, not color or smell or texture.
• Quantitative Observation: Example of a quantitative measurement/observation
• Qualitative Observation: Example of a qualitative observation
• Qualitative Property Example: Smell of a chemical/substance is an example of a qualitative property.
• Quantitative Property Example: Volume of a liquid is an example of a quantitative property, not color.
• Quantitative Observations: Example quantitiative observations.

Biology Fill-in-the-Blank

• Cell Theory: All living things are made up of one or more cells.
• Cell Theory: The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms.
• Cell Theory: All cells come from pre-existing cells.
• Eukaryotic Cell Part: The nucleus houses a eukaryotic cell's genetic material.
• Cell Membrane: Protects and controls passage into and out of the cell.
• Mitochondria Function: Mitochondria produce energy.
• Ribosomes Location: Ribosomes are found in the cytoplasm and attached to the ER.
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): The smooth ER makes lipids; the rough ER produces proteins.
• Cytoplasm: The cytoplasm holds organelles in place.
• Plant Cell Organelle: Chloroplasts perform photosynthesis.
• Plant Cell Storage: Vacuoles store substances.
• Plant Cell Support: The cell wall provides support.
• Lysosomes: Lysosomes contain enzymes that break down waste.
• Cell Movement Structures: Cilia move cells; flagella propel them.
• Prokaryotic Nucleus: Prokaryotes lack a true nucleus; the nucleoid region houses DNA.
• Prokaryotic Ribosomes: Prokaryotic ribosomes are smaller than eukaryotic ones.
• Prokaryotic Cell Protection: Some prokaryotic cells have a slime capsule for protection.
• Prokaryotic Movement: Flagella aid in movement in prokaryotes.
• Bacteria Reproduction: Prokaryotes reproduce asexually through binary fission.
• DNA Components: Nucleotides are DNA monomers; each has a phosphate group, sugar, and base.
• DNA Sugar: Deoxyribose is the DNA sugar.
• DNA Bases: DNA's four bases are adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.
• DNA Base Pairs: A pairs with T, C pairs with G in DNA's double helix.
• DNA Backbone: Sugar-phosphate groups form DNA's backbone.
• DNA Segment Definition: A gene is a DNA segment, which codes for proteins.
• DNA Replication: Copying DNA before cell division is replication
• Mitosis Importance: Growth, development, and repair in multicellular organisms.
• Cell Cycle Stages: Interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.
• Mitosis Stages (Prophase): Chromatin condenses into chromosomes in prophase.
• Mitosis Spindle: Spindle fibres separate chromosomes during mitosis.
• Mitosis Stages (Metaphase): Chromosomes align in the center.
• Mitosis Stages (Anaphase): Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite sides.
• Mitosis Stages (Telophase): Nuclear membranes form around chromosomes in telophase.
• Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm division is cytokinesis
• Plant Cell Cytpokinesis: A cell plate forms in plant cells during cytokinesis.
• Animal Cell Cytokinesis: A cytoskeletal ring divides animal cells.
• Chromosome Copies: Sister chromatids are copies of chromosomes.
• Centromere Location: The centromere joins sister chromatids.
• Mitosis Outcomes: Mitosis results in the production of two identical cells.
• Asexual vs sexual Reproduction: Most organisms will use asexual reproduction when possible
• Asexual Advantages: Asexual reproduction is quick and energy efficient and reproduces quickly
• Asexual Disadvantages: Lack of genetic diversity causes susceptibility to environmental changes and disease.
• Sexual Reproduction Definition: Combining gametes from two parents.
• Gamete Types: Sperm and eggs are the gametes
• Fertilization Process: Fusion of male and female gametes forms a zygote.
• Meiosis Definition: Meiosis produces gametes in sexually reproducing organisms
• Meiosis Outcome: Meiosis halves the number of chromosomes, producing haploid gametes.
• Meiosis I Outcomes: Homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis I.
• Meiosis II Outcomes: Sister chromatids separate to produce four haploid cells in meiosis II
• Crossing Over: Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during Prophase I in meiosis
• Meiosis's Role in Variation: Crossing over increases genetic diversity
• Meiosis Location: Meiosis I and meiosis II are parts of a process in the formation of gametes.
• Flower Parts: The pistil includes the stigma, style, and ovary; the stamen comprises the anther and filament.

Chemistry Fill-in-the-Blank

• Matter Definition: Matter has mass and takes up space.

• States of Matter: The three states are solid, liquid, and gas.

• Solid Characteristics: Solids have a definite shape and volume.

• Liquid Properties: Liquids have definite volume and take the shape of their containers.

• Gas Properties: Gases neither have shape nor volume.

• Mass Definition: Mass quantifies the amount of matter.

• Volume Definition: Volume refers to the space an object occupies.

• Physical Property Definition: Physical properties can be observed without changing a substance's composition.

• Qualitative Property: Qualitative properties use descriptive terms (not numbers)

• Quantitative Property Quantitative properties involve numbers and measurements

• Chemical Property Definition: A chemical property describes a substance's ability to undergo chemical changes.

• Melting Process: Solids change into liquids via melting

• Melting Point Definition: The melting point is the temperature at which a substance melts.

• Boiling Point Definition: The boiling point is the temperature at which a substance boils.

• Physical Change Definition: Physical changes alter a substance's form but not its identity.

• Chemical Change Definition: Chemical changes create new substances.

• Solubility Definition: Solubility is a substance's ability to dissolve in another substance.

• Qualitative vs. Quantitative Observation: Qualitative observations are descriptive, quantitative use numbers.

• Examples of Qualitative Observation: "The liquid is blue" is a qualitative observation.

Biology Labeling Section Answer Key (Note: Some labels may vary based on the specific diagram):

Chemistry Labeling Section Answer Key:

(Note: Provide the specific terms you were asked to label in your diagram for a proper answer.)

Biology Short Answer Questions

• Mitochondria in Muscle Cells: Muscle cells need more mitochondria to produce the energy (ATP) needed for their function.
• Photosynthesis Product Destination: The sugar produced in photosynthesis goes to the mitochondria for use/vacuoles for storage.
• Vacuole Size Differences: Plant cells have larger vacuoles to store water, as they don't move to get water from wherever it is.
• RNA vs. DNA Comparison: A comparison table should be provided for RNA (single stranded, AUCG, ribose sugar) and DNA (double stranded, ATCG, deoxyribose sugar) .
• Interphase Details: Interphase is where the cell grows, repairs, replicates DNA and its organelles, and performs its duties.
• Spinal Cord/Brain Injury Healing: Nervous system cells don't undergo mitosis, thus making them unable to repair an injury.
• "Nature vs. Nurture": Offspring characteristics result from the interaction of genes (nature) with their environment (nurture).
• Plant Pollination: Three ways plants are pollinated include: wind, water, and animals.
• Crossing Over: Homologous chromosomes exchange DNA segments in crossing over to increase genetic variation.

Chemistry Short Answer Questions

• Chemical Exposure in the Lab: If a chemical gets in the eye, immediately flush the eye and seek help to alleviate the effects of the exposure
• Lab Emergency Supplies: Keep the location of fire extinguishers and first aid kits readily available in the lab for various eventualities.
• Atom Structure: Atoms have protons (+), neutrons (0), and electrons (-). Protons and neutrons populate the nucleus; electrons populate orbitals outside the nucleus.
• Qualitative vs. Quantitative Statements: Identify whether the statements are qualitative or quantitative depending on whether numbers or descriptors are involved.
• Data Classification: Classify data as qualitative, quantitative, or a combination, as demonstrated in these examples.
• Material Classification Classify the materials as element, compound, mechanical mixture, solution, etc. as examples given.
• Physical and Chemical Changes: Distinguish between chemical (new substance formed) and physical (no new substance) changes.
• Paper Cutting: Cutting paper is a physical change—the paper's form changes, but it is still paper.
• Rusting Nail: A rusting nail is a chemical change—the iron reacts with oxygen, producing a different substance.
• Changes in Diagrams: Describe what is occurring in the provided images (e.g., melting, bubbling) and classify them as a physical or chemical change.